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Volume 19
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10.3390/ijerph192416690
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Review

Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism

by
Abdullah Salah Alanazi
1,†,
Francis Victor
2,†,
Kanwal Rehman
3,
Yusra Habib Khan
1,*,
Ismaeel Yunusa
4,
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea
1,
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
5,* and
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
1
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
3
Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
4
College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416690
Submission received: 24 September 2022 / Revised: 25 November 2022 / Accepted: 3 December 2022 / Published: 12 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Type 2 Diabetes)
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Abstract

Pre-existing diabetes, hypertension and kidney disorders are prominent risk factors of pre-eclampsia (PE). It is a multifactorial pregnancy disorder associated with high blood pressure, proteinuria, and multiorgan failure, which develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is one of the most feared pregnancy disorders, as it consumes thousands of fetomaternal lives per annum. According to clinical and pathological studies, the placenta appears to be a key player in the pathogenesis of PE; however, the exact origin of this disorder is still under debate. Defective placentation and angiogenesis are the hallmarks of PE progression. This angiogenic imbalance, together with maternal susceptibility, might determine the severity and clinical presentation of PE. This article comprehensively examines the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PE and current evidence of the factors involved in its progression. Finally, this article will explore the genetic association of PE, various candidate genes, their proposed mechanisms and variants involved in its pathogenesis.
Keywords: pathogenesis; pre-eclampsia; diabetes; proinflammatory mediators; risk factors; antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis; pre-eclampsia; diabetes; proinflammatory mediators; risk factors; antiphospholipid syndrome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alanazi, A.S.; Victor, F.; Rehman, K.; Khan, Y.H.; Yunusa, I.; Alzarea, A.I.; Akash, M.S.H.; Mallhi, T.H. Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416690

AMA Style

Alanazi AS, Victor F, Rehman K, Khan YH, Yunusa I, Alzarea AI, Akash MSH, Mallhi TH. Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416690

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alanazi, Abdullah Salah, Francis Victor, Kanwal Rehman, Yusra Habib Khan, Ismaeel Yunusa, Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, and Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi. 2022. "Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416690

APA Style

Alanazi, A. S., Victor, F., Rehman, K., Khan, Y. H., Yunusa, I., Alzarea, A. I., Akash, M. S. H., & Mallhi, T. H. (2022). Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416690

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