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Volume 19
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10.3390/ijerph192316041
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Article

Carbothermal Synthesis of Sludge Biochar Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for the Removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+: Preparation, Performance, and Safety Risks

by
Yingying Shao
1,2,
Chao Tian
2,
Yanfeng Yang
2,
Yanqiu Shao
1,
Tao Zhang
1,
Xinhua Shi
1,
Weiyi Zhang
1,* and
Ying Zhu
1,*
1
Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Engineering Research Centre of Municipal Sludge Disposal, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
2
Shandong Shanke Institute of Ecological Environment Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316041
Submission received: 13 October 2022 / Revised: 23 November 2022 / Accepted: 28 November 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Reuse)
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Abstract

The practical application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) is restricted by its easy oxidation and aggregation. Here, sludge biochar (SB) was used as a carrier to stabilize NZVI for Cd2+ and Cu2+ removal. SB supported NZVI (SB-NZVI) was synthesized using the carbothermic method. The superior preparation conditions, structural characteristics, and performance and mechanisms of the SB-NZVI composites for the removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+ were investigated via batch experiments and characterization analysis. The optimal removal capacities of 55.94 mg/g for Cd2+ and 97.68 mg/g for Cu2+ were achieved at a Fe/sludge mass ratio of 1:4 and pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C. Batch experiments showed that the SB-NZVI (1:4-900) composite had an excellent elimination capacity over a broad pH range, and that weakly acidic to neutral solutions were optimal for removal. The XPS results indicated that the Cd2+ removal was mainly dependent on the adsorption and precipitation/coprecipitation, while reduction and adsorption were the mechanisms that play a decisive role in Cu2+ removal. The presence of Cd2+ had an opposite effect on the Cu2+ removal. Moreover, the SB-NZVI composites made of municipal sludge greatly reduces the leaching toxicity and bio-availability of heavy metals in the municipal sludge, which can be identified as an environmentally-friendly material.
Keywords: carbonthermal reduction; nanoscale zero-valent iron; municipal sludge; heavy metals removal mechanism; environmentally friendly carbonthermal reduction; nanoscale zero-valent iron; municipal sludge; heavy metals removal mechanism; environmentally friendly

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shao, Y.; Tian, C.; Yang, Y.; Shao, Y.; Zhang, T.; Shi, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, Y. Carbothermal Synthesis of Sludge Biochar Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for the Removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+: Preparation, Performance, and Safety Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316041

AMA Style

Shao Y, Tian C, Yang Y, Shao Y, Zhang T, Shi X, Zhang W, Zhu Y. Carbothermal Synthesis of Sludge Biochar Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for the Removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+: Preparation, Performance, and Safety Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316041

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shao, Yingying, Chao Tian, Yanfeng Yang, Yanqiu Shao, Tao Zhang, Xinhua Shi, Weiyi Zhang, and Ying Zhu. 2022. "Carbothermal Synthesis of Sludge Biochar Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for the Removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+: Preparation, Performance, and Safety Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316041

APA Style

Shao, Y., Tian, C., Yang, Y., Shao, Y., Zhang, T., Shi, X., Zhang, W., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Carbothermal Synthesis of Sludge Biochar Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for the Removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+: Preparation, Performance, and Safety Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316041

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