Association between Workplace Violence and Depressive Symptoms among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Shandong, China: Meaning in Life as a Moderator
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Interview Procedure
2.2. Materials
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Linear Regression Analysis for Depressive Symptoms among Primary Healthcare Professionals
3.3. The Moderating Model between WPV, Meaning in Life, Presence of Life and Depressive Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | WPV | F/χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
N | 2530 | 398 (15.7) | 2132 (84.3) | |
Age | 41.55 ± 0.80 | 39.12 ± 9.00 | 42.01 ± 9.87 | 29.372 *** |
Gender | 0.393 | |||
Male | 1089 (43.0) | 177 (16.3) | 912 (83.7) | |
Female | 1441 (57.0) | 221 (15.3) | 1220 (84.7) | |
Religious belief | 0.792 | |||
Yes | 118 (4.7) | 22 (18.6) | 96 (81.4) | |
No | 2412 (95.3) | 376 (15.6) | 2036 (84.4) | |
Working years | 19.67 ± 12.02 | 16.11 ± 10.74 | 20.34 ± 12.13 | 42.252 *** |
Working days/week | 6.40 ± 0.87 | 6.06 ± 0.84 | 6.35 ± 0.86 | 38.037 *** |
Education | 63.424 *** | |||
High school and above | 842 (33.3) | 194 (23.0) | 648 (77.0) | |
Technical school | 915 (36.2) | 137 (15.0) | 778 (85.0) | |
Technical secondary school and below | 773 (30.6) | 67 (8.7) | 706 (91.3) | |
Major | 8.522 ** | |||
Clinical medicine | 1276 (50.4) | 174 (13.6) | 1102 (86.4) | |
Others | 1254 (49.6) | 224 (17.9) | 1030 (82.1) | |
Budgeted post | 10.462 ** | |||
Yes | 1005 (39.7) | 179(17.8) | 826(82.2) | |
No | 1439 (56.9) | 214(14.9) | 1225(85.1) | |
Unknown | 86 (3.4) | 5(1.3) | 81(94.2) | |
Nature of job | 9.273 ** | |||
Township hospitals | 1454 (57.4) | 201 (13.8) | 1252 (86.2) | |
Village clinics | 1077 (42.6) | 197 (18.3) | 880 (81.7) | |
Job types | 3.543 | |||
Medicine | 870 (34.4) | 147 (16.9) | 723 (83.1) | |
Nursing | 381 (15.1) | 49 (12.9) | 332 (87.1) | |
Public health | 911 (36.0) | 147 (16.1) | 764 (83.9) | |
Others | 368 (14.5) | 55 (14.9) | 313 (85.1) | |
Income level (colleague) | 7.513 * | |||
Higher | 320 (12.6) | 45(14.1) | 275(85.9) | |
Average | 1435 (56.7) | 208(14.5) | 1227(57.6) | |
Lower | 775 (30.6) | 145(18.7) | 630(81.3) | |
Depressive symptoms | 12.64 ± 9.71 | 15.94 ± 11.00 | 12.02 ± 9.32 | 55.765 *** |
Meaning in life | 51.61 ± 10.41 | 50.24 ± 10.39 | 51.87 ± 10.40 | 8.292 ** |
Presence of life | 25.93 ± 5.40 | 26.09 ± 5.36 | 25.05 ± 5.52 | 12.533 *** |
Search for life | 25.69 ± 6.66 | 25.78 ± 6.69 | 25.19 ± 6.47 | 2.658 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Age | −0.09 (−0.18, <0.001) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.01) |
Female | −2.00 (−3.12, −0.86) ** | −1.95 (−3.08, −0.83) *** |
Religious belief | 1.40 (−0.27, 3.08) | 1.35 (−0.33, 3.02) |
Working years | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.11) |
Working days/week | −0.12 (−0.61, 0.37) | −0.12 (−0.60, 0.37) |
Education (Ref. = Technical secondary school and below) | ||
High school and above | −0.02 (−1.11, 1.07) | −0.06 (−1.09, 1.08) |
Technical school | −0.42 (−1.37, 0.53) | −0.40 (−1.34, 0.55) |
Clinical medicine | 0.55 (−0.29, 1.39) | 0.55 (−0.30, 1.39) |
Budgeted posts (Ref. = Unknown) | ||
Yes | 1.39 (−0.68, 3.45) | 1.37 (−0.70, 3.45) |
No | 1.15 (−0.85, 3.15) | 1.15 (−0.85, 3.15) |
Township hospitals | 0.15 (−1.25, 1.56) | 0.20 (−1.20, 1.60) |
Job types (Ref. = Others) | ||
Medicine | 0.42 (−0.80, 1.63) | 0.46 (−0.76, 1.67) |
Nursing | 1.01 (−0.29, 2.31) | 1.03 (−0.27, 2.32) |
Public health | 0.19 (−1.00, 1.37) | 0.19 (−1.00, 1.37) |
Income level (Ref. = Average) | ||
Higher | 0.14 (−0.98, 1.26) | 0.19 (−0.92, 1.31) |
Lower | 2.73 (1.91, 3.55) *** | 2.71 (1.89, 3.53) *** |
WPV | 3.11 (2.12, 4.11) *** | 9.09 (4.26, 13.91) *** |
Meaning in life | −0.27 (−0.30, −0.23) *** | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.02) * |
WPV × Meaning in life | –– | −0.12 (−0.21, −0.03) * |
Constant | 25.04 (19.58, 30.49) *** | 17.82 (9.93, 25.71) *** |
R2 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
Variables | Model a | Model b | Model c | Model d |
---|---|---|---|---|
WPV | 2.926 (1.98, 3.87) *** | 8.72 (4.37, 13.07) *** | 3.42 (2.39, 4.45) *** | 6.41 (2.36, 10.46) ** |
Presence of life | −0.72 (−0.79, −0.67) *** | −0.46 (−0.67, −0.25) *** | –– | –– |
WPV × Presence of life | −0.23 (−0.40, −0.06) ** | –– | –– | |
Search for life | –– | –– | −0.18 (−0.23, −0.12) *** | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.14) |
WPV × Search for life | –– | –– | –– | −0.12 (−0.27, 0.04) |
Constant | 28.50 (23.35, 33.65) *** | 21.57 (14.34, 28.80) *** | 16.31 (10.74, 21.88) *** | 12.65 (5.31, 19.99) ** |
R2 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
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Wang, M.; Wang, H.; Wei, Z.; Wang, Y.; Sun, L. Association between Workplace Violence and Depressive Symptoms among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Shandong, China: Meaning in Life as a Moderator. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215184
Wang M, Wang H, Wei Z, Wang Y, Sun L. Association between Workplace Violence and Depressive Symptoms among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Shandong, China: Meaning in Life as a Moderator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):15184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215184
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Meiqi, Haipeng Wang, Zhen Wei, Yifan Wang, and Long Sun. 2022. "Association between Workplace Violence and Depressive Symptoms among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Shandong, China: Meaning in Life as a Moderator" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215184