Association between Reproductive Factors and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Diagnostic Criteria
2.3. Definitions
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristic of the Participants
3.2. Association between Menopausal Status and T2DM
3.3. Association between Age at Menopause and T2DM
3.4. Association between Reproductive Period and T2DM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statemen
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Menopausal Status | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Menopause | Post-Menopause Age | ||||
(n = 5775) | ≤44 (n = 1682) | 45–50 (n = 6554) | >50 (n = 6117) | ||
Age | <0.001 | ||||
≤55 | 5650 (97.8%) | 446 (26.5%) | 1916 (29.2%) | 1403 (22.9%) | |
56–60 | 101 (1.7%) | 351 (20.9%) | 1389 (21.2%) | 1561 (25.5%) | |
61–65 | 24 (0.4%) | 368 (21.9%) | 1519 (23.2%) | 1602 (26.2%) | |
>65 | 0 | 517 (30.7%) | 1730 (26.4%) | 1551 (25.4%) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||||
Married | 5423 (93.9%) | 1496 (88.9%) | 5980 (91.2%) | 5542 (90.6%) | |
Unmarried/Divorced/Widowed | 352 (6.1%) | 186 (11.1%) | 574 (8.8%) | 575 (9.4%) | |
Pregnancies (times) | <0.001 | ||||
0 | 253 (4.4%) | 14 (0.8%) | 38 (0.6%) | 16 (0.3%) | |
1 | 1704 (29.5%) | 226 (13.4%) | 1088 (16.6%) | 944 (15.4%) | |
2 | 2085 (36.1%) | 665 (39.5%) | 2610 (39.8%) | 2569 (42.0%) | |
≥3 | 1733 (30.0%) | 777 (46.2%) | 2818 (43.0%) | 2588 (42.3%) | |
Age at menarche (years) | <0.001 | ||||
≤15 | 3980 (68.9%) | 602 (35.8%) | 2470 (37.7%) | 2014 (32.9%) | |
16–18 | 1709 (29.6%) | 837 (49.8%) | 3222 (49.2%) | 3330 (54.4%) | |
>18 | 86 (1.5%) | 243 (14.4%) | 862 (13.2%) | 773 (12.6%) | |
Reproductive period (years) | <0.001 | ||||
17–31 | N/A | 1697 (97.0%) | 1968 (29.0%) | 53 (0.8%) | |
32–34 | N/A | 53 (3.0%) | 2890 (42.5%) | 776 (12.3%) | |
35–36 | N/A | 0 | 1720 (25.3%) | 1996 (31.5%) | |
37–47 | N/A | 0 | 215 (3.2%) | 3504 (55.4%) | |
Education | <0.001 | ||||
Primary or below | 932 (16.1%) | 1184 (70.4%) | 4209 (64.2%) | 3949 (64.6%) | |
Secondary or vocational | 3606 (62.4%) | 489 (29.1%) | 2304 (35.2%) | 2144 (35.0%) | |
University or college | 1237 (21.4%) | 9 (0.5%) | 41 (0.6%) | 24 (0.4%) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||||
<24 | 3743 (64.8%) | 755 (44.9%) | 3111 (47.5%) | 2721 (44.5%) | |
24–27.9 | 1515 (26.2%) | 679 (40.4%) | 2549 (38.9%) | 2502 (40.9%) | |
≥28 | 517 (9.0%) | 248 (14.7%) | 894 (13.6%) | 894 (14.6%) | |
Smoking | 0.063 | ||||
Never | 5750 (99.6%) | 1678 (99.8%) | 6541 (99.8%) | 6106 (99.8%) | |
Former | 6 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | |
Current | 19 (0.3%) | 2 (0.1%) | 12 (0.2%) | 8 (0.1%) | |
Alcohol | 0.063 | ||||
No | 5719 (99.0%) | 1671 (99.3%) | 6516 (99.4%) | 6077 (99.3%) | |
Yes | 56 (1.0%) | 11 (0.7%) | 38 (0.6%) | 40 (0.7%) | |
Exercise | 0.019 | ||||
No | 3854 (66.7%) | 1156 (68.7%) | 4546 (69.4%) | 4170 (68.2%) | |
Yes | 1921 (33.3%) | 526 (31.3%) | 2008 (30.6%) | 1947 (31.8%) | |
T2DM | 231 (4.0%) | 288 (17.1%) | 1140 (17.4%) | 1093 (17.9%) | <0.001 |
Family history of T2DM | 765 (13.2%) | 229 (13.6%) | 775 (11.8%) | 786 (12.8%) | 0.058 |
Hypertension | 1395 (24.2%) | 1004 (59.7%) | 3755 (57.3%) | 3766 (61.6%) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 793 (13.7%) | 515 (30.6%) | 1855 (28.3%) | 1791 (29.3%) | <0.001 |
Menopause | <0.001 | ||||
Natural | — | 1258 (74.8%) | 6217 (94.9%) | 5988 (97.9%) | |
Surgical | — | 424 (25.2%) | 337 (5.1%) | 129 (2.1%) |
Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | |
Premenopausal women (n = 5775) | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Postmenopausal women (all) (n = 14,390) | 3.12 (2.65,3.67) | <0.001 | 2.83 (2.39,3.34) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.79,2.51) | <0.001 |
Postmenopausal women (natural) (n = 13,463) | 3.07 (2.60,3.61) | <0.001 | 2.81 (2.37,3.33) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.77,2.50) | <0.001 |
Postmenopausal women (surgical or other cause) (n = 890) | 3.64 (2.90,4.57) | <0.001 | 3.00 (2.37,3.79) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.79,2.88) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | |
Premenopausal women | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Age at menopause (postmenopausal women) | ||||||
≤44 years | 3.00 (2.45,3.68) | <0.001 | 2.64 (2.14,3.25) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.57,2.40) | <0.001 |
45–50 years | 3.13 (2.64,3.71) | <0.001 | 2.89 (2.43,3.44) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.83,2.61) | <0.001 |
>50 years | 3.15 (2.65,3.74) | <0.001 | 2.81 (2.35,3.35) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.74,2.50) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p | |
Age at menopause | ||||||
≤44 | 0.96 (0.83,1.11) | 0.572 | 0.91 (0.79,1.06) | 0.230 | 0.89 (0.77,1.03) | 0.126 |
45–50 | 1 | . | 1 | . | 1 | . |
>50 | 1.01 (0.92,1.10) | 0.891 | 0.98 (0.89,1.07) | 0.624 | 0.96 (0.87,1.06) | 0.428 |
Per 1-year increase | 1.01 (1.00,1.02) | 0.184 | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 0.555 | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 0.618 |
Reproductive period (years) | ||||||
17–31 | 1 | . | 1 | . | 1 | . |
32–34 | 1.09 (0.97,1.24) | 0.154 | 1.11 (0.98,1.26) | 0.106 | 1.11 (0.98,1.27) | 0.101 |
35–36 | 0.97 (0.88,1.06) | 0.621 | 0.97 (0.88,1.08) | 0.665 | 0.97 (0.88,1.08) | 0.712 |
37–47 | 1.06 (0.94,1.20) | 0.356 | 1.03 (0.90,1.18) | 0.678 | 1.02 (0.89,1.17) | 0.772 |
Per 1-year increase | 1.01 (1.00,1.02) | 0.284 | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 0.534 | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 0.594 |
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Yu, Y.; Li, J.; Jiang, Y.; Zaid, M.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, N.; Liu, X.; Qiu, Y.; Zhu, J.; Tong, X.; et al. Association between Reproductive Factors and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021019
Yu Y, Li J, Jiang Y, Zaid M, Zhao Q, Wang N, Liu X, Qiu Y, Zhu J, Tong X, et al. Association between Reproductive Factors and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021019
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Yuting, Jing Li, Yonggen Jiang, Maryam Zaid, Qi Zhao, Na Wang, Xing Liu, Yun Qiu, Junjie Zhu, Xin Tong, and et al. 2022. "Association between Reproductive Factors and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021019