Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Energy
3. Environment and Society (Thermal Comfort and IAQ)
4. Water Recovery
5. Retrofitting of Existing HVAC Systems (Modification of Old HVAC Systems)
- Measurement of HVAC system performance.
- Identification of potential retrofit alternatives, such as smart controlling systems, upgrading mechanical systems, energy and water recovery, and utilization of renewable energy sources.
- Establishment of the relation between the investment of retrofitting and the sustainability performance.
6. Discussion and Conclusions
- Improvement and retrofitting of the building design are very effective for improving the performance of HVAC systems.
- All decision-making parameters for the planning of sustainable HVAC systems, such as occupancy, comfort, health, building type, and cost must be extensively studied.
- Important parameters must be considered in using renewable technologies in HVAC systems to achieve sustainability.
- The use of developed and advanced designs and control strategies in the HVAC systems could increase their sustainability remarkably.
- Improving IAQ and occupants’ health by focusing on ventilation systems and microbial contamination prevention in HVAC systems.
- Water and energy recovery in HVAC systems are crucial parameters for improving sustainability.
- The retrofitting of the existing HVAC system is a vital action in the current situation.
- Optimum plans need to take into account all the advantages and disadvantages of various options while considering the available facilities, conditions, risks, and cost.
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technologies | Target | Advantages | Disadvantages | Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fiber filtration | Particles, microorganisms | Low cost, convenient installation | Resistance related to the purification efficiency, mid- and high efficiency of high-resistance filters | Can achieve 99.99% |
Electrostatic dust removal | Particles, microorganisms | High efficiency and wide range of particle size, small pressure loss | High investment, efficiency decline after dust discharge, easy to breakdown electric field | 50% (some only 20%) |
Ultraviolet sterilization | Microorganisms | High efficiency, safe and convenient, short reactive time, no residual toxicity, no pollution, low resistance, low cost | Poor dynamic sterilization effect, short service life, UV lamp should be close to the irradiated material, can be influenced by environmental factors, and suspended particles greatly produce secondary pollution | 82.90% |
Activated carbon adsorption | Nearly all pollutants except biological ones | Wild sources, wide pollutant purifying range, does not easily cause secondary pollution | Saturated regeneration problems, high resistance, poor mineral processing | |
Plasma | All indoor pollutants | Wide range of pollutants | Cannot completely degrade pollutants, high energy consumption, and production of by-products (ozone and nitrogen oxides) | 66.70%; Cold plasma air filter: 85–98% |
Negative ions | Particles, microorganisms | Accelerate metabolism, strengthen cell function, effective to some disease | Produce ozone, cause secondary pollution, dust deposition damages walls | 73.40% |
Photocatalysis | TVOC, microorganisms, and other inorganic gaseous pollutants | Wide range of purification, mild reaction conditions, no adsorption saturation phenomenon, long service life | Compared with the activated carbon adsorption technology, purification process is slower, easily causes secondary pollution if response is not completed, unable to remove particulate pollutants | 75% (some may only 30% or even negative) |
Trombe wall | Effective particles (diameter) >10 μm and <0.01 μm | 60-year service life | Useless for 0.1–1 μm | 99.4% for PM10 |
Biofilter | Mixture of VOCs | Effective odor control method | Dynamic botanical air filtration system: >33% for toluene and 90% for formaldehyde; integrated biofiltration system: 99% | |
Microwave sterilization | Bacterial and fungal aerosols | Heating uniformity, rapid sterilization, and no residue combination of thermal and nonthermal effects; under atmospheric pressure, microwaves can induce argon plasma disinfection | Radiation is harmful to human health | 30–40% of bacterial and fungal aerosols in the environment can survive for 1.7 min under microwave high-power radiation |
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Asim, N.; Badiei, M.; Mohammad, M.; Razali, H.; Rajabi, A.; Chin Haw, L.; Jameelah Ghazali, M. Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021016
Asim N, Badiei M, Mohammad M, Razali H, Rajabi A, Chin Haw L, Jameelah Ghazali M. Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021016
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsim, Nilofar, Marzieh Badiei, Masita Mohammad, Halim Razali, Armin Rajabi, Lim Chin Haw, and Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali. 2022. "Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021016