The Role of Social Capital in Predicting Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions in Rural Destinations: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions
2.2. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
2.3. Impact of the TPB Variables on Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions
2.4. Social Capital
2.5. Impact of Different Social Capital Dimensions on Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions
3. Method
3.1. Measurement
3.2. Pretest of Measurements
3.3. Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Common Method Bias Test
4.2. Measurement Model Analysis
4.3. Examining Structural Model
4.4. Mediating Effect Test
4.5. Explanatory Power of the Conceptual Model
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Theoretical Contributions
5.3. Managerial Implications
6. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construct | Item | Source |
---|---|---|
Attitude toward the behavior (ATT) | ATT1 During this trip, I thought waste sorting was a wise behavior. | [30] |
ATT2 During this trip, I thought waste sorting was a valuable behavior. | ||
ATT3 During this trip, I thought waste sorting was a necessary behavior. | ||
ATT4 During this trip, I thought waste sorting was a beneficial behavior. | ||
Subjective norms/ In-group norms (SN) | SN1 During this trip, those important to me thought I should sort waste. | [36] |
SN2 During this trip, those important to me expected me to sort waste. | ||
SN3 During this trip, those important to me were delighted if I sorted waste. | ||
Perceived behavioral control (PBC) | PBC1 During this trip, whether or not I sorted waste was up to me. | [30] |
PBC2 During this trip, I was capable of sorting the waste. | ||
PBC3 During this trip, I was confident that if I wanted, I could sort waste. | ||
Emotional bonding (EB) | EB1 I identify strongly with this destination. | [36] |
EB2 Visiting this destination says a lot about who I am. | ||
EB3 I am very attached to this destination. | ||
EB4 I feel visiting this destination is part of my life. | ||
EB5 This destination means a lot to me. | ||
EB6 I feel a strong sense of belonging to this destination. | ||
Interpersonal trust (IT) | IT1 I believe that most visitors sort waste in this destination. | [36] |
IT2 Regarding promoting waste sorting in this destination, I believe that my individual behavior is impactful because many others will contribute too. | ||
IT3 I am filled with doubts that other visitors sort waste in this destination. (Reverse coded) | ||
Tourists’ waste sorting intentions (TWSI) | TWSI1 I intend to sort waste at this destination. | [103] |
TWSI2 I am willing to sort waste at this destination. | ||
TWSI3 I am planning to sort waste at this destination. |
Construct and Item | Std. Factor Loading | t Values | Composite Reliability | Average Variance Extracted | Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | 0.954 | 0.838 | 0.953 | ||
ATT1 | 0.872 | 26.754 | |||
ATT 2 | 0.932 | 32.032 | |||
ATT 3 | 0.945 | 33.454 | |||
ATT 4 | 0.912 | — | |||
SN | 0.924 | 0.803 | 0.922 | ||
SN1 | 0.828 | 24.043 | |||
SN2 | 0.909 | 29.589 | |||
SN3 | 0.947 | — | |||
PBC | 0.912 | 0.776 | 0.910 | ||
PBC1 | 0.824 | 21.381 | |||
PBC2 | 0.932 | 25.283 | |||
PBC3 | 0.884 | — | |||
EB | 0.955 | 0.781 | 0.955 | ||
EB1 | 0.869 | 25.931 | |||
EB2 | 0.848 | 24.532 | |||
EB3 | 0.921 | 29.999 | |||
EB4 | 0.872 | 26.132 | |||
EB5 | 0.886 | 27.16 | |||
EB6 | 0.903 | — | |||
IT | 0.820 | 0.608 | 0.808 | ||
IT1 | 0.892 | 11.977 | |||
IT2 | 0.803 | 12.111 | |||
IT3 (Reverse coded) | 0.619 | — | |||
TWSI | 0.974 | 0.926 | 0.974 | ||
TWSI1 | 0.973 | 46.31 | |||
TWSI2 | 0.968 | 45.092 | |||
TWSI3 | 0.946 | — |
Construct | ATT | SN | PBC | EB | IT | TWSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | 0.915 | |||||
SN | 0.335 | 0.896 | ||||
PBC | 0.245 | 0.376 | 0.881 | |||
EB | 0.417 | 0.410 | 0.225 | 0.884 | ||
IT | 0.209 | 0.303 | 0.111 | 0.159 | 0.780 | |
TWSI | 0.372 | 0.328 | 0.253 | 0.239 | 0.276 | 0.962 |
Hypotheses | Path | Standardized Coefficient | t-Value | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | ATT→TWSI | 0.252 | 4.687 *** | Supported |
H2 | SN→TWSI | 0.141 | 2.436 * | Supported |
H3 | SN→ATT | 0.129 | 2.223 * | Supported |
H4 | PBC→TWSI | 0.115 | 2.197 * | Supported |
H5 | PBC→ATT | 0.112 | 2.145 * | Supported |
H6 | EB→TWSI | 0.024 | 0.441 | Not Supported |
H7 | EB→ATT | 0.322 | 6.088 *** | Supported |
H8 | IT→TWSI | 0.164 | 3.061 ** | Supported |
H9 | IT→ATT | 0.106 | 2.011 | Supported |
Mediating Hypothesized Path | Indirect Effects | 95% Bias-Corrected Confidence Intervals | 95% Percentile Confidence Intervals | Results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | p-Value | Lower | Upper | p-Value | |||
SN→ATT→TWSI | 0.033 | 0.005 | 0.072 | 0.021 | 0.003 | 0.068 | 0.034 | Supported |
PBC→ATT→TWSI | 0.028 | 0.005 | 0.062 | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.059 | 0.030 | Supported |
EB→ATT→TWSI | 0.081 | 0.043 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.127 | 0.001 | Supported |
IT→ATT→TWSI | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.056 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.023 | Supported |
Model Category | R2: ATT | R2: TWSI |
---|---|---|
M0: TPB | 0.129 | 0.195 |
M1: Social capital | — | 0.153 |
M2: M0 + M1 | 0.227 | 0.220 |
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Cao, J.; Qiu, H.; Morrison, A.M.; Wei, W. The Role of Social Capital in Predicting Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions in Rural Destinations: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912789
Cao J, Qiu H, Morrison AM, Wei W. The Role of Social Capital in Predicting Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions in Rural Destinations: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912789
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Jian, Hongliang Qiu, Alastair M. Morrison, and Wei Wei. 2022. "The Role of Social Capital in Predicting Tourists’ Waste Sorting Intentions in Rural Destinations: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912789