The Epidemiology of Violent Deaths in Chile between 2001 and 2018: Prevalence, Trends, and Correlates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Design
2.2. Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Suicide
3.2. Homicide
3.3. Spatial Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Suicide | Homicide | |
---|---|---|
Cut/Pierce | X78 | X99 |
Drowning | X71 | X92 |
Fall | X80 | Y01 |
Fire/Heat | X76, X77 | X97, X98 |
Firearm | X72–X74 | X93, X94, X95 |
Motor vehicle | X82 | Y03 |
Poisoning/exposure to chemicals and noxious substances | X60–X69 | X85–X90 |
Struck | X79, X81 | Y00, Y04 |
Threat to breathing | X70 | X91 |
Other/undetermined | X75, X83, X84, Y87.0 | X96, Y02, Y05–Y09, Y87.1 |
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Total | Suicide | Homicide | |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) * | 47,113 (100) | 33,124 (70.30) | 13,989 (29.70) |
Gender | |||
Women | 7463 (15.84) | 5820 (17.57) | 1643 (11.75) |
Men | 39,650 (84.16) | 27,304 (82.43) | 12,346 (88.25) |
Age, y | |||
0–14 | 773 (1.64) | 410 (1.24) | 363 (2.59) |
15–24 | 9729 (20.65) | 5961 (18.00) | 3768 (26.94) |
25–49 | 23,809 (50.54) | 16,289 (49.18) | 7520 (53.76) |
50–64 | 8151 (17.30) | 6562 (19.81) | 1589 (11.36) |
65+ | 4651 (9.87) | 3902 (11.78) | 749 (5.35) |
Method | |||
Cut/Pierce | 6323 (13.42) | 294 (0.89) | 6029 (43.10) |
Drowning | 227 (0.48) | 191 (0.58) | 36 (0.26) |
Fall | 540 (1.15) | 531 (1.60) | 9 (0.06) |
Fire/Heat | 256 (0.54) | 200 (0.60) | 56 (0.40) |
Firearm | 6967 (14.79) | 2318 (7.00) | 4649 (33.23) |
Vehicular | 104 (0.22) | 102 (0.31) | 2 (0.01) |
Poisoning | 1851 (3.93) | 1837 (5.55) | 14 (0.10) |
Struck | 352 (0.74) | 31 (0.09) | 321 (2.29) |
Suffocation | 27,651 (58.69) | 27,254 (82.28) | 397 (2.84) |
Undetermined | 2842 (6.03) | 366 (1.10) | 2476 (17.70) |
β | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Overall | |||
Total | −0.26 | (−0.36, −0.16) | <0.001 |
Suicide | −0.11 | (−0.19, −0.02) | 0.019 |
Homicide | −0.15 | (−0.20, −0.11) | <0.001 |
Women | |||
Total | −0.01 | (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.668 |
Suicide | 0.01 | (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.761 |
Homicide | −0.02 | (−0.04, −0.01) | 0.003 |
Men | |||
Total | −0.54 | (−0.69, −0.39) | <0.001 |
Suicide | −0.24 | (−0.37, −0.12) | 0.001 |
Homicide | −0.30 | (−0.38, −0.22) | <0.001 |
Total | Suicide | Homicide | |
---|---|---|---|
2001–2003 | 16.87 | 11.39 | 5.48 |
2016–2018 | 13.27 | 10.10 | 3.17 |
Sex | |||
Women | 4.16 | 3.36 | 0.80 |
Men | 22.67 | 17.06 | 5.62 |
Age * | |||
0–14 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.20 |
15–24 | 1.77 | 1.07 | 0.52 |
25–49 | 13.33 | 12.17 | 4.50 |
50–64 | 1.71 | 1.06 | 0.17 |
65+ | 1.23 | 0.91 | 0.14 |
Method | |||
Cut/Pierce | 1.39 | 0.10 | 1.29 |
Drowning | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Fall | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
Fire/Heat | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Firearm | 1.70 | 0.41 | 1.30 |
Vehicular | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Poisoning | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.00 |
Struck | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
Suffocation | 8.99 | 8.90 | 0.09 |
Undetermined | 0.49 | 0.08 | 0.41 |
Suicide | Homicide | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rate Ratio | 95% CI | Rate Ratio | 95% CI | |
Population density (per square kilometer) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) |
Urban population (%) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) |
Poverty (%) | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.03) | 1.04 | (1.03, 1.05) |
School attendance (%) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.02) |
Maintained green areas (square meter per inhabitant) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) |
Security staff (per 100,000 people) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) |
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Wiederkehr, K.; Mai, C.; Cabezas, J.M.; Rocha-Jiménez, T.; Otzen, T.; Montalva, N.; Calvo, E.; Castillo-Carniglia, A. The Epidemiology of Violent Deaths in Chile between 2001 and 2018: Prevalence, Trends, and Correlates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912791
Wiederkehr K, Mai C, Cabezas JM, Rocha-Jiménez T, Otzen T, Montalva N, Calvo E, Castillo-Carniglia A. The Epidemiology of Violent Deaths in Chile between 2001 and 2018: Prevalence, Trends, and Correlates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912791
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiederkehr, Katjana, Caroline Mai, José M. Cabezas, Teresita Rocha-Jiménez, Tamara Otzen, Nicolás Montalva, Esteban Calvo, and Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia. 2022. "The Epidemiology of Violent Deaths in Chile between 2001 and 2018: Prevalence, Trends, and Correlates" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912791
APA StyleWiederkehr, K., Mai, C., Cabezas, J. M., Rocha-Jiménez, T., Otzen, T., Montalva, N., Calvo, E., & Castillo-Carniglia, A. (2022). The Epidemiology of Violent Deaths in Chile between 2001 and 2018: Prevalence, Trends, and Correlates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912791