The Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of Polish Smelters with Ecotoxicological Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.1.1. Siechnice
2.1.2. Głogów
2.1.3. Oława
2.1.4. Legnica
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. PTEs Analyses
2.2.2. Phytotoxicity Assessment
3. Health Risk Assessment
3.1. Exposure Dose
- C—average metal concentration in soil [mg·kg−1];
- IngR—value of daily accidental soil intake [mg/d];
- InhR—daily lung ventilation [m3/d];
- EF—contact frequency [d/year];
- ED—duration of contact [year];
- BW—average body weight [kg];
- AT—averaging period [d];
- PEF—particle emission factor [m3/kg];
- SL—coefficient of soil adherence to the skin [mg/cm2·d];
- SA—skin surface exposed to soil [cm2];
- ABS—percutaneous absorption coefficient, unnamed quantity [27].
3.2. Non-Cancerogenic Health Risk
3.3. Risk Calculation
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Soil Contamination
5.2. Phytotoxicity
5.3. Health Risk Assessment
5.3.1. Average Daily Dose (ADD), Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI)
5.3.2. Excess Cancer Risk (ECR)
6. Discussion
6.1. Soil Contamination
6.2. Phytotoxicity
6.3. Health Risk Assessment
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concentration [mg·kg−1] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studied Element | Siechnice | |||||
S0 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | ||
Zn | 84.84 ± 2.31 | 80.29 ± 4.10 | 68.91 ± 3.63 | 44.49 ± 17.81 | 81.09 ± 24.90 | |
Cr | 696.30 ± 21.14 | 222.03± 41.11 | 31.19 ± 9.10 | 153.15 ± 64.12 | 705.31 ± 29.84 | |
Pb | 17.32 ± 0.30 | 13.13 ± 0.14 | 25.76 ± 0.92 | 22.11 ± 3.62 | 44.33 ± 0.71 | |
Fe | 9539.59 ± 246.12 | 9973.82 ± 432.10 | 13,440.62 ± 342.63 | 6411.24 ± 180.22 | 8940.15 ± 67.45 | |
Cu | 77.56 ± 31.14 | 73.01 ± 7.12 | 81.34 ± 3.6 | 76.58 ± 29.1 | 88.48 ± 21.13 | |
Głogów | Legnica | |||||
G2-a | G3-a | L1 | L2 | L3 | ||
Cu | 1316.78 ± 44.26 | 834.36 ± 4.12 | 1035.3 ± 67.67 | 580.91 ± 69.01 | 243.64 ± 34.14 | |
Hg | 0.443 ± 0.01 | 0.553 ± 0.05 | 4.07 ± 0.60 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | |
As | 6.25 ± 1.23 | - | 7.6 ± 2.31 | - | 1.02 ± 0.04 | |
Oława | ||||||
O1 | O2 | O3 | O4 | |||
Zn | 2411.93 ± 27.16 | 917.53 ± 34.23 | 121.89 ± 34.18 | 23.67 ± 6.80 | ||
Pb | 1903.02 ± 48.13 | 434.91 ± 67.12 | 63.81 ± 12.98 | 28.89 ± 2.70 | ||
Cd | 4.97 ± 0.71 | 3.32 ±0.18 | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 0.27± 0.04 |
ECR | ||
---|---|---|
Sites | Cr (child) | Cr (adult) |
S0 | 2.20 × 100 | 8.24 × 10−1 |
S2 | 7.01 × 10−1 | 2.63 × 10−1 |
S3 | 9.90 × 10−2 | 3.70 × 10−2 |
S4 | 4.80 × 10−1 | 1.80 × 10−1 |
S5 | 2.20 × 100 | 8.40 × 10−1 |
Pb (child) | Pb (adult) | |
S0 | 3.65 × 10−4 | 1.37 × 10−4 |
S2 | 2.76 × 10−4 | 1.03 × 10−4 |
S3 | 5.42 × 10−4 | 2.03 × 10−4 |
S4 | 4.65 × 10−4 | 1.70 × 10−4 |
S5 | 9.32 × 10−4 | 3.50 × 10−4 |
As (child) | As (adult) | |
G2-a | 7.10 × 10−2 | 2.65 × 10−2 |
Pb (child) | Pb (adult) | |
O1 | 4.00 × 10−2 | 1.50 × 10−2 |
O2 | 9.00 × 10−3 | 3.00 × 10−3 |
O3 | 1.20 × 10−3 | 5.00 × 10−4 |
O4 | 5.89 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−4 |
As (child) | As (adult) | |
L1 | 8.60 × 10−2 | 3.22 × 10−2 |
L3 | 1.15 × 10−2 | 4.33 × 10−3 |
PTE Concentrations [mg·kg−1] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | Fe | Hg | References |
China | 565.50 | 373.60 | 98.20 | 1050.50 | 3331.80 | 9743.90 | [31] | ||
Poland | 59.08 | 2.92 | 913.33 | 86.67 | 0.13 | [32] | |||
China | 126.41 | 12.69 | 86.18 | 87.10 | 369.50 | 530.41 | 0.51 | [33] | |
Kosovo | 9.80 | 7.70 | 160.00 | 44.00 | 220.00 | 280.00 | 2800.00 | 0.25 | [34] |
South Korea | 90.00 | 3.30 | 110.00 | 72.00 | 1300.00 | 520.00 | 3400.00 | 0.49 | [35] |
Serbia | 16.90 | 3.20 | 154.80 | 411.70 | 102.60 | [36] | |||
Siechnice, Poland | 12.32 | 20.06 | 781.91 | 1062.98 | This work | ||||
Głogów, Poland | 361.59 | 79.40 | 24.52 | 71.92 | 9661.08 | This work | |||
Oława, Poland | 1075.60 | 0.50 | This work | ||||||
Legnica, Poland | 2.20 | 597.00 | 860.00 | This work |
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Wróbel, M.; Trzyna, A.; Zeynalli, F.; Rybak, J. The Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of Polish Smelters with Ecotoxicological Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912634
Wróbel M, Trzyna A, Zeynalli F, Rybak J. The Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of Polish Smelters with Ecotoxicological Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912634
Chicago/Turabian StyleWróbel, Magdalena, Agnieszka Trzyna, Farhad Zeynalli, and Justyna Rybak. 2022. "The Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of Polish Smelters with Ecotoxicological Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912634