Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratory Tests for Adenoviruses
2.3.1. Adenovirus Isolation in Cell Culture
2.3.2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.3.3. Adenovirus DNA Extraction and Nested PCR
2.3.4. Gel Electrophoresis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients
3.2. Adenovirus Detection
3.2.1. Detection According to Gender
3.2.2. Detection by Age Group
3.2.3. Seasonality of Adenovirus
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Number of Patients | Percentage | Mean ± SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individuals recruited from Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi | 283/384 | 73.70% | NA | NA |
Children’s hospital, Lahore | 101/384 | 26.30% | NA | NA |
Age (Months) | NA | NA | 19 | 1–51 months |
Duration of symptoms (Days) | NA | NA | 4.23 ± 1.04 | 3–7 days |
Vomiting episodes per 24 h | NA | NA | 4.01 ± 1.72 | 2–8 days |
Vomiting Duration (Days) | NA | NA | 2.91 ± 1.59 | 1–7 days |
Diarrhea episodes per 24 h | NA | NA | 5.42 ± 1.04 | 3–7 days |
Diarrhea Duration (Days) | NA | NA | 3.58 ± 1.2 | 2–6 days |
Characteristics | Adeno + Ve | Adeno − Ve | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA | 54 | 330 | 384 | - |
PCR | 57 | 327 | 384 | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 47 | 191 | 238 | 0.001 |
Female | 10 | 136 | 146 | |
Age Group | ||||
Group 1 (1–6 months) | 8 | 46 | 54 | 0.007 |
Group 2 (7–12 months) | 18 | 77 | 95 | |
Group 3 (13–18 months) | 12 | 26 | 38 | |
Group 4 (19–24 months) | 7 | 53 | 60 | |
Group 5 (Older than 24 months) | 12 | 125 | 137 | |
Seasonality | ||||
Winter | 16 | 67 | 83 | 0.001 |
Spring | 9 | 92 | 101 | |
Summer | 9 | 113 | 122 | |
Autumn | 23 | 55 | 78 |
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Khan, N.U.; Shamsullah; Shahidullah; Shah, A.A.; Zaidi, S.S.Z.; Chen, Z. Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912534
Khan NU, Shamsullah, Shahidullah, Shah AA, Zaidi SSZ, Chen Z. Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912534
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Nazif Ullah, Shamsullah, Shahidullah, Aamer Ali Shah, Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi, and Zhi Chen. 2022. "Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912534