Has the Risk of Outpatient Visits for Allergic Rhinitis, Related to Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Changed over the Past Years in Beijing, China?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | Mean | SD | Min | Median | Max | IQR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air pollutant concentration | |||||||
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 60.6 | 57.3 | 3.0 | 44.0 | 477.0 | 55.0 |
2014–2015 | 82.3 | 70.5 | 5.0 | 62.0 | 477.0 | 80.0 | |
2016–2017 | 65.6 | 60.3 | 6.0 | 48.0 | 454.0 | 60.0 | |
2018–2020 | 42.7 | 35.7 | 3.0 | 34.0 | 233.0 | 38.0 | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 86.0 | 67.8 | 7.0 | 69.0 | 831.0 | 70.0 |
2014–2015 | 108.5 | 79.9 | 7.0 | 90.0 | 550.0 | 91.0 | |
2016–2017 | 91.7 | 71.4 | 7.0 | 76.0 | 764.0 | 73.0 | |
2018–2020 | 67.3 | 48.5 | 8.0 | 56.0 | 831.0 | 47.0 | |
SO2 (μg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 9.2 | 12.8 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 133.0 | 7.0 |
2014–2015 | 16.7 | 19.6 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 17.0 | |
2016–2017 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 | |
2018–2020 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 43.2 | 22.4 | 5.0 | 38.0 | 155.0 | 27.0 |
2014–2015 | 51.9 | 24.3 | 8.0 | 46.0 | 141.0 | 27.0 | |
2016–2017 | 47.1 | 22.7 | 11.0 | 42.0 | 155.0 | 25.0 | |
2018–2020 | 34.8 | 17.3 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 105.0 | 22.0 | |
CO (mg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 0.5 |
2014–2015 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 1.0 | |
2016–2017 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 | |
2018–2020 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.7 | |
8 h-O3 (μg/m3) | 2014–2020 | 96.9 | 61.9 | 2.0 | 82.0 | 311.0 | 86.0 |
2014–2015 | 99.4 | 65.2 | 2.0 | 87.0 | 294.0 | 94.0 | |
2016–2017 | 97.2 | 65.7 | 2.0 | 83.0 | 311.0 | 89.0 | |
2018–2020 | 95.1 | 56.8 | 2.0 | 80.0 | 283.0 | 76.5 | |
Meteorological measures | |||||||
Temperature (°C) | 2014–2020 | 15.7 | 9.9 | −14.3 | 17.5 | 32.6 | 15.2 |
Relative humidity (%) | 2014–2020 | 48.7 | 19.0 | 8.0 | 48.0 | 99.0 | 28.2 |
Outpatient hospital visits (n/day) | |||||||
Total | 2014–2020 | 27 | 21 | 2 | 22 | 175 | 19 |
Male | 2014–2020 | 17 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 120 | 13 |
Female | 2014–2020 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 75 | 8 |
Age 18–45 | 2014–2020 | 16 | 15 | 1 | 12 | 123 | 12 |
Age 46–65 | 2014–2020 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 31 | 5 |
Age > 65 | 2014–2020 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 16 | 3 |
Warm season (4–9) | 2014–2020 | 31 | 22 | 2 | 26 | 175 | 24 |
Cool season (10-3) | 2014–2020 | 23 | 20 | 2 | 19 | 160 | 15 |
Pollen season (4–5, 8–9) | 2014–2020 | 39 | 23 | 3 | 34 | 175 | 27 |
Non-pollen season (others) | 2014–2020 | 21 | 18 | 1 | 18 | 160 | 13 |
Warm Season | Cool Season | Pollen Season | Non-Pollen Season | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 1.044 (1.009–1.081) * | 1.027 (0.999–1.055) | 1.032 (0.992–1.074) | 1.010 (0.985–1.035) |
PM10 | 1.020 (0.992–1.048) | 1.009 (0.986–1.031) | 1.014 (0.985–1.045) | 1.012 (0.991–1.033) |
SO2 | 1.030 (1.001–1.059) * | 1.011 (0.996–1.025) | 1.027 (0.995–1.060) | 1.009 (0.995–1.023) |
NO2 | 1.079 (1.031–1.129) * | 1.091 (1.058–1.125) * | 1.073 (1.020–1.128) * | 1.086 (1.057–1.117) * |
CO | 1.027 (1.005–1.050) * | 1.001 (0.985–1.018) | 1.019 (0.991–1.047) | 1.002 (0.987–1.017) |
O3 | 1.035 (0.998–1.073) | 0.950 (0.870–1.037) | 1.050 (1.006–1.096) * | 0.974 (0.923–1.028) |
Pollutant | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | p Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 1.015 (0.978, 1.054) | 1.030 (0.987, 1.075) | 1.069 (1.005, 1.135) | 0.771 |
PM10 | 1.037 (1.001, 1.075) | 1.025 (0.987, 1.063) | 1.008 (0.971,1.046) | 0.123 |
SO2 | 1.027 (1.009, 1.044) | 0.997 (0.966, 1.028) | 1.074 (1.003, 1.149) | 0.725 |
NO2 | 1.086 (1.037, 1.137) | 1.111 (1.055, 1.170) | 1.214 (1.149, 1.282) | 0.051 |
CO | 1.041 (1.017, 1.065) | 1.020 (0.991, 1.050) | 1.027 (0.990, 1.066) | 0.112 |
O3 | 0.949 (0.883, 1.019) | 1.003 (0.927, 1.087) | 1.040 (0.975, 1.105) | 0.353 |
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Li, S.; Wang, G.; Wang, B.; Cao, S.; Zhang, K.; Duan, X.; Wu, W. Has the Risk of Outpatient Visits for Allergic Rhinitis, Related to Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Changed over the Past Years in Beijing, China? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912529
Li S, Wang G, Wang B, Cao S, Zhang K, Duan X, Wu W. Has the Risk of Outpatient Visits for Allergic Rhinitis, Related to Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Changed over the Past Years in Beijing, China? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912529
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Sai, Gang Wang, Beibei Wang, Suzhen Cao, Kai Zhang, Xiaoli Duan, and Wei Wu. 2022. "Has the Risk of Outpatient Visits for Allergic Rhinitis, Related to Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Changed over the Past Years in Beijing, China?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912529