The Perception of Overweight and Obesity among South African Adults: Implications for Intervention Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Study Population and Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Respondents’ Information
3.2. Themes
3.2.1. Perceptions about Causes of Overweight and Obesity
- Eating habits
“Eating a lot of fat, just like me, I eat good stuff; I just eat whatever I want” (30-year-old male).
“Obesity means you eat too much unhealthy food. Eating starchy foods then you go to sleep after eating” (54-year-old female).
“It is found that they [overweight people] eat fatty foods and they are not active” (35-year-old female).
- Type of food and drink
“They [overweight people] eat too much junk food. You know, people like nice food, and they are not healthy” (19-year-old female).
“Coke makes you gain weight, especially if you can be addicted to it and your body gets used to it, you will gain weight” (48-year-old male).
“No, I do not think so; sugar has its effects, especially when you eat it a lot, it can make you sick, but it does not give you weight. Sugar does not make you gain weight; it makes you have energy, but fat is what makes people gain weight” (33-year-old female).
- Lack of exercise
“They [overweight people] cannot exercise, so many illnesses are going to attack them because they do not exercise, they just sit and eat” (48-year-old male).
“These people [perwons with overweight] do not exercise; they just sit” (19-year-old female).
- Pregnancy
“When I was pregnant, I gained weight, and after giving birth, I never lost it; I was still the same weight” (30-year-old female).
“I would not even mention when I started having children. I do not know how big I would get. That makes me angry because my belly is also a problem” (24-year-old female).
3.2.2. Perceptions about Being Overweight and Obese
- Being overweight as a sign of having much money is a belief
“It is just a saying; it is the same as the one saying a person with a big stomach has a lot of money, there is no such thing, as a person with a big stomach does not have money, it is because of eating unhealthy food” (54-year-old female).
“What I know is that when we say a person has a lot of money when we refer to a person who is overweight because we think they do not have stress, he/she gets what he/she wants at any time, they have everything. That is why they are overweight” (22-year-old female).
- Some overweight people are healthy
“Some [overweight people] are healthy, but mostly being overweight is caused by a happy heart if you do not have any worries and complains” (43-year-old female).
3.2.3. Obesity and Health
- Risk of developing disease conditions related to obesity
“There are no health problems associated with being overweight unless it is because of less weight; how are health problems associated with being overweight?” (33-year-old female).
“Yes, I can also have them [disease conditions] because I do not know the exact cause of these illnesses. Once you reach 40 years, many illnesses attack you very easily, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems. They say the more you get old, the more illness attacks you because your body changes; they tell us that after 40 years we must expect such illness” (48-year-old male).
- The stigma attached to being thin
“It is just an old belief, but ever since this AIDS illness started, you are in big trouble when you lose weight after being overweight. They say you are sick even if it is something else than AIDS” (48-year-old male).
3.2.4. Cultural Beliefs and Obesity
- Cultural beliefs on obesity
“In my Sotho culture, they consider obesity normal, especially in women” (22-year-old female).
“They [Xhosa men] want big women” (19-year-old female).
“In Pedi culture, they see it as a normal thing, but nowadays it is no longer a normal thing” (39-year-old female).
“To them [Ndebeles] it is not a good thing, having an overweight body is not good at all, Ndebeles do not want overweight bodies” (52-year-old male).
- Individual views on body weight preference
“Well, men choose, others, prefer women who are underweight, but some prefer those who are overweight.” (48-year-old male).
“As I said, it is a personal preference, but men I know prefer women with a fuller figure, not fat women” (22-year-old female).
“In terms of the preference of body weight, it goes with individual choices, we have our differences, the same applies to women, some prefer a slender man and some prefer a big man, it goes just like that” (52-year-old female).
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
19–25 years | 3 | 13 |
26–35 years | 8 | 33 |
36–45 years | 5 | 21 |
46 years and above | 8 | 33 |
Gender | ||
Male | 6 | 25 |
Female | 18 | 75 |
Ethnic group | ||
Ndebele | 4 | 17 |
Zulu | 2 | 8 |
Northern Sotho (Pedi) | 8 | 33 |
Tsonga | 3 | 13 |
Tswana | 4 | 17 |
Venda | 3 | 12 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 16 | 67 |
Ever married | 8 | 33 |
Education level | ||
No primary education | 2 | 8 |
Primary education | 4 | 17 |
Secondary education and higher | 18 | 75 |
Employment status | ||
Employed | 9 | 38 |
Unemployed | 15 | 62 |
Themes | Sub-Themes |
---|---|
Perceptions about the causes of overweight and obesity | Eating habits Type of food and drink Lack of exercise Pregnancy |
Perceptions about being overweight and obese | Being overweight as a sign of having much money is a belief. Some overweight people are healthy |
Obesity and health | Risk of developing disease conditions related to obesity Stigma attached to thin |
Cultural beliefs and obesity | Cultural beliefs on obesity Individual views on body weight preference |
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Manafe, M.; Chelule, P.K.; Madiba, S. The Perception of Overweight and Obesity among South African Adults: Implications for Intervention Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912335
Manafe M, Chelule PK, Madiba S. The Perception of Overweight and Obesity among South African Adults: Implications for Intervention Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912335
Chicago/Turabian StyleManafe, Mashudu, Paul Kiprono Chelule, and Sphiwe Madiba. 2022. "The Perception of Overweight and Obesity among South African Adults: Implications for Intervention Strategies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912335