Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Demographic Data | Patients with Hyperlipidemia | Patients without Hyperlipidemia | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Age, year * | 42.54 (13.26) | 42.54 (13.26) | |||
≥65 | 1571 | 8.0 | 7004 | 8.0 | 0.999 |
<65 | 20,039 | 92.0 | 80,156 | 92.0 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 12,938 | 59.4 | 51,752 | 59.4 | 0.999 |
Female | 8852 | 40.6 | 35,408 | 40.6 | |
Comorbidities | |||||
Diabetes mellitus | 3278 | 15.0 | 3471 | 4.0 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 5536 | 25.4 | 7865 | 9.0 | <0.001 |
Nephropathy | 2052 | 9.4 | 4216 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
Depression | 297 | 1.4 | 653 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
Cirrhosis | 218 | 1.0 | 636 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
Autoimmune disease | 540 | 2.5 | 1112 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 266 | 1.2 | 516 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
Alcoholism | 490 | 2.2 | 945 | 1.1 | <0.001 |
Obesity | 292 | 1.3 | 164 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
Degree of urbanization | <0.001 | ||||
Urban | 13,856 | 63.6 | 54,089 | 62.1 | |
Suburban | 6621 | 30.4 | 27,736 | 31.8 | |
Rural | 1313 | 6.0 | 5335 | 6.1 | |
Income | <0.001 | ||||
High income | 3667 | 16.8 | 12,028 | 13.8 | |
Medium income | 4642 | 21.3 | 17,451 | 20.0 | |
Low income | 10,009 | 45.9 | 43,761 | 50.2 | |
No income | 3472 | 15.9 | 13,920 | 16.0 | |
Follow-up, years * | 8.88 (4.00) | 9.42 (3.74) | <0.001 |
Patients with Hyperlipidemia | Patients without Hyperlipidemia | RR (95% CI) * | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of COPD | Incidence † | No. of COPD | Incidence † | |||
Total | 6995 | 36.14 | 18,295 | 22.29 | 1.61 (1.57–1.66) | <0.001 |
Age, year | ||||||
≥65 | 900 | 81.98 | 2999 | 69.33 | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | <0.001 |
<65 | 6095 | 33.38 | 15,296 | 19.67 | 1.69 (1.64–1.74) | <0.001 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 4021 | 35.12 | 10,607 | 21.96 | 1.59 (1.53–1.65) | <0.001 |
Female | 2974 | 37.62 | 7688 | 22.75 | 1.64 (1.58–1.72) | <0.001 |
Follow-up, years | ||||||
0–1 | 1286 | 2276.50 | 2722 | 1344.67 | 1.72 (1.61–1.84) | <0.001 |
1–5 | 2829 | 310.19 | 7256 | 257.26 | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) | <0.001 |
5–10 | 2248 | 42.83 | 6381 | 30.67 | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) | <0.001 |
≥10 | 632 | 4.81 | 1936 | 3.32 | 1.46 (1.33–1.59) | <0.001 |
Predictive Variables | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Hyperlipidemia | 1.61 (1.57–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.44–1.53) | <0.001 |
Age (<65 = 0, ≥65 = 1) | 3.09 (2.99–3.20) | <0.001 | 2.63 (2.52–2.73) | <0.001 |
Sex (male = 0, female = 1) | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.70 (1.63–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.001 |
Hypertension | 2.07 (2.00–2.13) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.28–1.37) | <0.001 |
Nephropathy | 1.61 (1.54–1.69) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.20–1.31) | <0.001 |
Depression | 1.26 (1.11–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.026 |
Cirrhosis | 1.71 (1.51–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.15–1.49) | <0.001 |
Autoimmune disease | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.004 |
Congestive heart failure | 2.63 (2.36–2.94) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) | <0.001 |
Alcoholism | 1.35 (1.22–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.03–1.27) | 0.011 |
Obesity | 1.49 (1.27–1.75) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | 0.015 |
Degree of urbanization | ||||
Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
Suburban | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | <0.001 |
Rural | 1.36 (1.30–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.18–1.30) | <0.001 |
Income | ||||
High income | Reference | Reference | ||
Medium income | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.075 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.033 |
Low income | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.322 |
No income | 1.26 (1.21–1.32) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.479 |
Predictive Variables | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age (<65 = 0, ≥65 = 1) | 2.34 (2.18–2.51) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.91–2.24) | <0.001 |
Sex (male = 0, female = 1) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 0.004 | 1.07 (1.01–1.12) | 0.011 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.18 (1.11–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.735 |
Hypertension | 1.41 (1.34–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | <0.001 |
Nephropathy | 1.33 (1.23–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | <0.001 |
Depression | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | 0.226 | ||
Cirrhosis | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 0.129 | ||
Autoimmune disease | 1.18 (1.03–1.37) | 0.022 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 0.179 |
Congestive heart failure | 1.94 (1.62–2.33) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.13–1.63) | 0.001 |
Alcoholism | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.280 | ||
Obesity | 1.15 (0.94–1.39) | 0.171 | ||
Degree of urbanization | ||||
Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
Suburban | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.024 | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 0.230 |
Rural | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) | 0.006 |
Income | ||||
High income | Reference | Reference | ||
Medium income | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 0.001 |
Low income | 1.33 (1.24–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | <0.001 |
No income | 1.32 (1.21–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 0.191 |
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Yang, H.-Y.; Hu, L.-Y.; Chen, H.-J.; Chen, R.-Y.; Hu, C.-K.; Shen, C.-C. Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912331
Yang H-Y, Hu L-Y, Chen H-J, Chen R-Y, Hu C-K, Shen C-C. Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912331
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hao-Yu, Li-Yu Hu, Hon-Jhe Chen, Ru-Yih Chen, Chang-Kuo Hu, and Cheng-Che Shen. 2022. "Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912331