Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Design and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Physical Activity
2.3.2. Sleep Status
2.3.3. Mental Health
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics and Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Effects of Different PA Levels and Sleep Health Status on Mental Health
3.3. Relationships between Different Intensity PA and Mental Health under Varying Sleep Health Status
3.4. Dose-Response Relationship between Moderate Intensity PA and Mental Health under Varying Sleep Health Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variables | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 59 | N = 66 | N = 66 | N = 66 | ||
Categorical variables, | |||||
N (%) | |||||
Gender | |||||
Males | 18 (30.51) | 25 (37.88) | 25 (37.88) | 25 (37.88) | 0.78 |
Females | 41 (69.49) | 41 (62.12) | 41 (62.12) | 41 (62.12) | |
Race | |||||
Han | 55 (93.22) | 61 (92.42) | 61 (92.42) | 61 (92.42) | 0.98 |
Minority | 4 (6.78) | 5 (7.58) | 5 (7.58) | 5 (7.58) | |
Residence | |||||
City | 44 (74.58) | 51 (77.27) | 51 (77.27) | 51 (77.27) | 0.98 |
Countryside | 15 (25.42) | 15 (22.73) | 15 (22.73) | 15 (22.73) | |
PA level | |||||
Inactive | 15 (25.42) | 10 (15.15) | 7 (10.61) | 3 (4.55) | 0.16 |
Low | 14 (23.73) | 19 (28.79) | 22 (33.33) | 21 (31.82) | |
Moderate | 23 (38.98) | 29 (43.94) | 27 (40.91) | 31 (46.97) | |
High | 7 (11.87) | 8 (12.12) | 10 (15.15) | 11 (16.66) | |
Sleep status | |||||
Healthy | 50 (84.75) | 38 (57.58) | 34 (51.52) | 54 (81.82) | <0.001 |
Unhealthy | 9 (15.25) | 28 (42.42) | 32 (48.48) | 12 (18.18) | |
Continuous variables, | |||||
Mean ± SD | |||||
Age | 20.46 ± 2.07 | 20.70 ± 2.10 | 20.70 ± 2.10 | 20.70 ± 2.10 | 0.56 |
BMI | 21.0 ± 3.02 | 21.1 ± 2.92 | 21.1 ± 2.92 | 21.1 ± 2.92 | 0.81 |
Light PA | 426.99 ± 553.11 | 327.50 ± 312.91 | 436.80 ± 516.49 | 505.25 ± 441.33 | 0.17 |
Moderate PA | 360.34 ± 541.42 | 250.30 ± 374.19 | 383.94 ± 498.25 | 418.00 ± 538.27 | 0.24 |
Vigorous PA | 280.68 ± 760.49 | 354.55 ± 613.40 | 294.55 ± 545.96 | 384.61 ± 849.67 | 0.53 |
PSQI | 4.07 ± 2.00 | 5.74 ± 2.59 | 6.08 ± 1.99 | 3.76 ± 2.36 | 0.51 |
Stress | 11.93 ± 3.08 | 12.32 ± 3.61 | 11.85 ± 3.86 | 11.74 ± 4.28 | 0.60 |
Anxiety | 10.37 ± 2.71 | 10.41 ± 2.77 | 10.20 ± 2.81 | 10.09 ± 2.86 | 0.49 |
Depression | 10.54 ± 3.19 | 10.59 ± 3.16 | 10.65 ± 3.12 | 10.83 ± 3.53 | 0.61 |
Global DASS | 32.85 ± 7.82 | 33.42 ± 8.74 | 32.70 ± 9.04 | 32.67 ± 9.94 | 0.79 |
Healthy Sleep Status | Unhealthy Sleep Status | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Β | p | β | p | |
G-DASS | ||||
100 × Light PA (METs-min/week) | 0.055 | 0.619 | −0.002 | 0.993 |
100 × Moderate PA (METs-min/week) | −0.153 | 0.185 | −0.470 | 0.011 * |
100 × Vigorous PA (METs-min/week) | −0.162 | 0.077 | −0.134 | 0.299 |
Stress | ||||
100 × Light PA (METs-min/week) | 0.038 | 0.433 | 0.013 | 0.883 |
100 × Moderate PA (METs-min/week) | −0.070 | 0.166 | −0.184 | 0.021 * |
100 × Vigorous PA (METs-min/week) | −0.067 | 0.095 | −0.062 | 0.248 |
Anxiety | ||||
100 × Light PA (METs-min/week) | 0.0001 | 0.998 | 0.032 | 0.654 |
100 × Moderate PA (METs-min/week) | −0.033 | 0.343 | −0.136 | 0.033 * |
100 × Vigorous PA (METs-min/week) | −0.039 | 0.165 | −0.057 | 0.194 |
Depression | ||||
100 × Light PA (METs-min/week) | 0.010 | 0.814 | −0.05 | 0.462 |
100 × Moderate PA (METs-min/week) | −0.049 | 0.276 | −0.156 | 0.012 * |
100 × Vigorous PA (METs-min/week) | −0.053 | 0.137 | −0.019 | 0.683 |
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Zhang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ke, L.; Liu, R. Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912323
Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ke L, Liu R. Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912323
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yao, Jianxiu Liu, Yi Zhang, Limei Ke, and Ruidong Liu. 2022. "Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912323