A Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Current Food Patterns in Italy: A Life Cycle Thinking Approach for a Sustainable Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
2.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
2.4. Carbon Footprint (CF)
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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INPUTS | UNIT | MD | CIFP |
---|---|---|---|
Meat, fish, and eggs | |||
Red meat | g | 100 | 305 |
White meat | g | 200 | 355 |
Processed meat | g | 50 | 509 |
Fish and fish products | g | 350 | 500 |
Eggs | g | 150 | 238 |
Milk and Dairy products | |||
Milk and yogurt | g | 1125 | 1037 |
Cheeses | g | 250 | 390 |
Cereal products | |||
Bread | g | 1225 | 728 |
Pasta | g | 840 | 410 |
Sweet pastries (biscuits, cakes, croissants, etc.) | g | 80 | 277 |
Legumes | |||
Dried legumes | g | 150 | 157 |
Fats and Oils | |||
Extra virgin olive oil | g | 210 | 135 |
Fruits and vegetables | |||
Fresh fruit | g | 3150 | 1872 |
Vegetables | g | 2800 | 2118 |
Random foods | |||
Sugar, sweets, snacks, alcohol-free beverages | g | 70 | 479 |
Alcoholic beverages | g | 686 | 676 |
Nuts | g | 60 | 44 |
OUTPUTS | UNIT | MD | CIFP |
Total Weekly Kcalories | Kcal | 14,000 | 14,000 |
Impact Categories | MD | CIFP |
---|---|---|
Environmental (species/yr) | ||
Global warming. Terrestrial ecosystem | 8.28 × 10−8 | 1.88 × 10−7 |
Global warming. Freshwater ecosystem | 2.26 × 10−12 | 5.12 × 10−12 |
Ozone formation. Terrestrial ecosystem | 1.55 × 10−8 | 2.59 × 10−8 |
Terrestrial acidification | 5.80 × 10−8 | 1.26 × 10−7 |
Freshwater eutrophication | 3.28 × 10−9 | 6.47 × 10−9 |
Marine eutrophication | 4.85 × 10−11 | 1.15 × 10−10 |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity | 6.96 × 10−10 | 1.06 × 10−9 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity | 4.67 × 10−10 | 6.65 × 10−10 |
Marine ecotoxicity | 7.74 × 10−11 | 1.20 × 10−10 |
Land use | 2.79 × 10−7 | 6.82 × 10−7 |
Water consumption. Terrestrial ecosystem | 1.21 × 10−8 | 2.26 × 10−8 |
Water consumption. Aquatic ecosystem | 1.99 × 10−12 | 4.43 × 10−12 |
TOTAL | 4.52 × 10−7 | 1.05 × 10−6 |
Human health (DALYs) | ||
Global warming. Human health | 2.75 × 10−5 | 6.22 × 10−5 |
Stratospheric ozone depletion | 8.16 × 10−8 | 1.98 × 10−7 |
Ionizing radiation | 4.30 × 10−8 | 7.27 × 10−8 |
Ozone formation. Human health | 1.07 × 10−7 | 1.79 × 10−7 |
Fine particulate matter formation | 3.86 × 10−5 | 7.53 × 10−5 |
Human carcinogenic toxicity | 1.66 × 10−6 | 2.86 × 10−6 |
Human non-carcinogenic toxicity | 7.22 × 10−6 | 1.07 × 10−5 |
Water consumption. Human health | 1.82 × 10−6 | 2.31 × 10−6 |
TOTAL | 7.70 × 10−5 | 1.54 × 10−4 |
Economic (USD) | ||
Mineral resource scarcity | 3.01 × 10−2 | 6.61 × 10−2 |
Fossil resource scarcity | 1.72 × 100 | 2.71 × 100 |
TOTAL | 1.72 × 100 | 1.72 × 100 |
Impact Categories | MD | CIFP | Δ = CIFP − MD |
---|---|---|---|
Mineral resource scarcity | 0.03 $ | 0.07 $ | 0.04 $ |
Fossil resource scarcity | 1.72 $ | 2.71 $ | 0.99 $ |
Total | 1.75 $ | 2.78 $ | 1.03 $ |
Annual costs | 91.01$ | 144.36$ | 53.35$ |
Impact Categories | Mediterranean Diet | Current Consumption |
---|---|---|
Non-renewable: fossil | 1.90 × 102 MJ eq | 3.24 × 102 MJ eq |
Non-renewable: nuclear | 9.79 × 101 MJ eq | 1.78 × 102 MJ eq |
Non-renewable: biomass | 9.90 × 100 MJ eq | 2.92 × 101 MJ eq |
Renewable: biomass | 3.22 × 102 MJ eq | 9.13 × 102 MJ eq |
Renewable: water | 8.59 × 100 MJ eq | 1.56 × 101 MJ eq |
Renewable: wind, solar, geothermal | 2.36 × 100 MJ eq | 3.80 × 100 MJ eq |
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Vinci, G.; Maddaloni, L.; Prencipe, S.A.; Ruggeri, M.; Di Loreto, M.V. A Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Current Food Patterns in Italy: A Life Cycle Thinking Approach for a Sustainable Consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912274
Vinci G, Maddaloni L, Prencipe SA, Ruggeri M, Di Loreto MV. A Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Current Food Patterns in Italy: A Life Cycle Thinking Approach for a Sustainable Consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912274
Chicago/Turabian StyleVinci, Giuliana, Lucia Maddaloni, Sabrina Antonia Prencipe, Marco Ruggeri, and Maria Vittoria Di Loreto. 2022. "A Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Current Food Patterns in Italy: A Life Cycle Thinking Approach for a Sustainable Consumption" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912274