Limited Stress Response to Transplantation in the Mediterranean Macroalga Ericaria amentacea, a Key Species for Marine Forest Restoration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Experimental Setup
2.2. Biochemical Analysis
2.2.1. Total Phenolic Compounds
2.2.2. Lipids and Fatty Acids
2.2.3. Data Elaboration and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Variables
3.2. Total Phenolic Compounds
3.3. Lipids and Fatty Acids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Barcarello | Natural | Transplanted | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | |||||||||
FAs | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd |
14:0 | 4.0 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 4.1 | 0.2 |
15:0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
16:0 (PALM) | 23.4 | 1.8 | 19.6 | 1.1 | 22.9 | 0.9 | 24.1 | 1.4 | 25.4 | 1.0 | 20.3 | 0.9 | 23.0 | 0.9 | 27.8 | 0.6 | 23.9 | 2.1 |
17:0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
18:0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
20:0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
LCFAs (>22:0) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
ƩSFA | 29.2 | 1.8 | 23.7 | 1.1 | 27.8 | 0.5 | 29.1 | 1.3 | 31.2 | 1.0 | 24.3 | 0.8 | 28.1 | 1.1 | 33.6 | 0.9 | 29.4 | 2.1 |
16:1 n7 (PALMo) | 5.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 6.2 | 0.6 |
18:1 n7 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.3 |
18:1 n9 (OLE) | 13.2 | 2.1 | 11.5 | 0.6 | 15.5 | 0.4 | 16.6 | 1.1 | 18.5 | 2.5 | 12.8 | 1.6 | 14.5 | 0.7 | 16.6 | 1.5 | 21.4 | 2.2 |
ƩMUFA | 19.2 | 3.5 | 16.7 | 0.7 | 22.2 | 1.4 | 22.6 | 1.2 | 26.8 | 2.2 | 17.8 | 2.0 | 20.3 | 0.9 | 22.5 | 1.5 | 29.2 | 1.9 |
18:2 n6 (LA) | 3.9 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.4 |
18:3 n3 (ALA) | 9.9 | 0.8 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 12.1 | 1.3 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 10.8 | 0.6 | 12.8 | 1.8 | 12.8 | 0.8 | 11.4 | 0.5 | 10.3 | 0.5 |
18:3 n6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
18:4 n3 (SDA) | 4.5 | 1.9 | 10.8 | 1.7 | 5.1 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 9.3 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.7 |
20:2 n6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
20:3 n3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
20:3 n6 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
20:4 n3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
20:4 n6 (ARA) | 22.2 | 1.4 | 16.1 | 0.7 | 17.7 | 0.9 | 15.8 | 0.8 | 15.3 | 0.5 | 17.5 | 0.6 | 17.5 | 0.6 | 15.9 | 0.8 | 17.2 | 2.5 |
20:5 n3 (EPA) | 7.0 | 1.6 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 7.5 | 0.8 | 7.9 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 11.1 | 0.7 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 0.9 |
22:4 n6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
22:6 n3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ʃω-3 | 22.8 | 4.0 | 38.6 | 2.3 | 26.6 | 1.9 | 26.4 | 1.5 | 18.9 | 1.8 | 35.5 | 2.1 | 28.1 | 1.9 | 20.9 | 1.8 | 17.4 | 1.8 |
Ʃω-6 | 28.7 | 2.5 | 21.0 | 1.0 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 21.3 | 0.6 | 22.5 | 0.2 | 22.3 | 0.5 | 23.1 | 0.9 | 22.6 | 0.4 | 23.6 | 3.1 |
ƩPUFA | 51.5 | 5.1 | 59.6 | 1.6 | 49.4 | 1.7 | 47.7 | 1.2 | 41.4 | 1.9 | 57.9 | 2.4 | 51.2 | 1.7 | 43.5 | 1.6 | 41.1 | 3.2 |
ƩPUFA/ƩSFA | 1.8 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 |
Anteiso | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
-OH | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
ƩBAFA * | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 |
TL (mg g−1) | 38.4 | 4.2 | 33.2 | 5.2 | 30.2 | 1.7 | 28.4 | 2.6 | 26.7 | 2.5 | 29.2 | 3.2 | 27.6 | 2.3 | 28.2 | 3.2 | 24.3 | 5.4 |
Site Capo Gallo | Natural | Transplanted | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | T0 | T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | |||||
FAs | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd |
14:00 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.7 |
15:00 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
16:0 (PALM) | 22.7 | 2.0 | 23.5 | 0.6 | 24.4 | 1.0 | 23.5 | 0.8 | 27.6 | 1.6 |
18:00 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
20:00 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
LCFAs (>22:0) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
ƩSFA | 27.7 | 2.4 | 26.3 | 0.6 | 29.2 | 1.2 | 27.8 | 1.0 | 32.9 | 1.4 |
16:1 n7 (PALMo) | 6.0 | 0.6 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 0.2 |
18:1 n7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
18:1 n9 (OLE) | 13.1 | 1.2 | 13.6 | 0.6 | 13.6 | 1.4 | 13.6 | 1.2 | 15.2 | 1.0 |
ƩMUFA | 20.0 | 1.1 | 20.0 | 0.6 | 19.7 | 1.3 | 19.7 | 1.8 | 21.5 | 1.0 |
18:2 n6 (LA) | 4.1 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.9 |
18:3 n3 (ALA) | 9.3 | 0.6 | 10.7 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 1.2 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 10.1 | 0.7 |
18:3 n6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
18:4 n3 (SDA) | 5.8 | 3.3 | 9.1 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 6.5 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.5 |
20:2 n6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
20:3 n3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
20:3 n6 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
20:4 n3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
20:4 n6 (ARA) | 20.6 | 3.0 | 16.3 | 0.5 | 19.3 | 2.0 | 17.8 | 0.7 | 18.1 | 0.9 |
20:5 n3 (EPA) | 8.4 | 1.9 | 11.0 | 0.9 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 0.9 |
22:4 n6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
22:6 n3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Ʃω-3 | 25.2 | 5.7 | 33.2 | 1.4 | 25.8 | 3.1 | 29.1 | 2.4 | 20.8 | 1.1 |
Ʃω-6 | 27.0 | 3.5 | 20.5 | 0.5 | 24.9 | 2.4 | 22.9 | 1.0 | 24.5 | 0.9 |
ƩPUFA | 52.2 | 2.6 | 53.6 | 1.0 | 50.7 | 2.2 | 52.0 | 2.6 | 45.3 | 1.0 |
ƩPUFA/ƩSFA | 1.9 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
Anteiso | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
-OH | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
ƩBAFA * | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
TL (mg g−1) | 37.9 | 2.6 | 38.1 | 4.2 | 39.2 | 12.4 | 27.7 | 5.7 | 29.2 | 8.0 |
Comparison between Time | Site | Natural | Transplanted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA | Contrib% | Cum% | FA | Contrib% | Cum% | ||
T0 vs. T1 | Barcarello | SDA | 18.6 | 18.6 | SDA | 16.5 | 16.5 |
ARA | 18.2 | 36.8 | ARA | 16.5 | 33.0 | ||
EPA | 15.0 | 51.7 | EPA | 13.7 | 46.7 | ||
Capo Gallo | ARA | 20.2 | 20.2 | ARA | 19.4 | 19.4 | |
SDA | 16.2 | 36.4 | SDA | 17.3 | 36.7 | ||
EPA | 10.9 | 47.3 | PALM | 10.7 | 47.3 | ||
T1 vs. T2 | Barcarello | SDA | 22.1 | 22.1 | SDA | 23.5 | 23.5 |
EPA | 17.9 | 40.0 | EPA | 16.6 | 40.0 | ||
OLE | 15.1 | 55.1 | PALM | 14.8 | 54.8 | ||
Capo Gallo | SDA | 24.2 | 24.2 | PALM | 20.3 | 20.3 | |
EPA | 15.7 | 39.9 | SDA | 17.7 | 38.0 | ||
ARA | 14.7 | 54.6 | EPA | 16.7 | 54.7 | ||
T2 vs. T3 | Barcarello | SDA | 14.6 | 14.6 | PALM | 22.1 | 22.1 |
ARA | 12.8 | 27.4 | EPA | 15.6 | 37.7 | ||
PALM | 10.1 | 37.5 | SDA | 12.0 | 49.7 | ||
T3 vs. T4 | Barcarello | EPA | 19.3 | 19.3 | OLE | 20.1 | 20.1 |
OLE | 12.7 | 32.0 | PALM | 19.4 | 39.5 | ||
PALMo | 9.9 | 41.9 | ARA | 10.6 | 50.1 |
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Chemello, S.; Signa, G.; Mazzola, A.; Ribeiro Pereira, T.; Sousa Pinto, I.; Vizzini, S. Limited Stress Response to Transplantation in the Mediterranean Macroalga Ericaria amentacea, a Key Species for Marine Forest Restoration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912253
Chemello S, Signa G, Mazzola A, Ribeiro Pereira T, Sousa Pinto I, Vizzini S. Limited Stress Response to Transplantation in the Mediterranean Macroalga Ericaria amentacea, a Key Species for Marine Forest Restoration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912253
Chicago/Turabian StyleChemello, Silvia, Geraldina Signa, Antonio Mazzola, Tania Ribeiro Pereira, Isabel Sousa Pinto, and Salvatrice Vizzini. 2022. "Limited Stress Response to Transplantation in the Mediterranean Macroalga Ericaria amentacea, a Key Species for Marine Forest Restoration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912253