Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction Strategy
2.4. Study Quality Assesment
3. Results
3.1. Review Statistics
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Main Evidence on UUS Cycle Kinematics—Kicking Parameters
Author | Year | Males | Females | Age | Competitive Level | FINA Points | Aim(s) of the Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collard et al. [34] | 2011 | 6 | 5 | 18.0 ± 3.0 | Level 3—National | - | To compare the UUS performance between the anguilliform-like and carangiform-like techniques. |
Hochstein & Blickhan [43] | 2011 | - | 2 | 25.0 | Level 3—National | - | To analyse the kinematics of swimming athletes during UUS. |
Zamparo et al. [35] | 2012 | 7 | 5 | 20.5 ± 5.2 | Level 2—International B | - | To analyse the efficiency of the dolphin kick in determining the velocity and acceleration in the first 5 m and the following 10 m after a turn (v5, v5–15, a5, and a5–15) in a 100 m simulated front crawl race. |
Houel et al. [28] | 2013 | 10 | - | 21.4 ± 4.5 | Level 3—National | - | To determine the kinematics variables that improve performance during the underwater phase of grab starts. |
Atkison et al. [9] | 2014 | 15 | - | 21.5 ± 3.2 | Level 3—National | 663.0 ± 134.0 | To determine how sagittal kick symmetry in the underwater dolphin kick between the downkick and upkick phases is related to underwater dolphin kick performance. |
Hochstein & Blickhan [27] | 2014 | 1 | 7 | 21.6 | Level 3—National | - | To find out to what extent the human swimmer approaches an ideal undulatory wave which is symmetric with respect to the extended gliding position. |
Shimojo et al. [44] | 2014 | 10 | - | 21.3 ± 0.9 | Level 3—National | - | To investigate whether changing the kick frequency while maintaining UUS at maximal effort would change the other UUS kinematics, such as swimming velocity and propelling efficiency, in well-trained male swimmers. |
Willems et al. [41] | 2014 | 15 | 11 | 16.4 ± 2.5 | Level 4—Regional | 595.0 ± 121.0 | To investigate the effect of ankle flexibility and muscle strength on dolphin kick performance in competitive swimmers. |
Connaboy et al. [16] | 2016 | 8 | - | 17.6 ± 1.4 | Level 3—National | - | To determine which kinematic variables were key to the production of maximal UUS velocity. |
- | 9 | 16.4 ± 0.8 | |||||
Higgs et al. [12] | 2017 | 7 | 3 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | Level 2—International B | 812.0 ± 66.0 | To determine which kinematic variables of the upbeat and downbeat are associated with prone UUS performance in an elite sample. |
Yamakawa et al. [25] | 2017 | - | 8 | 20.9 ± 1.9 | Level 2—International B | 817.6 ± 18.2 | To investigate the effects of increased kick frequency on the propelling efficiency during underwater dolphin kick. |
Shimojo et al. [40] | 2019 | 8 | - | 19.7 ± 1.1 | Level 3—National | 713.1 ± 42.1 | To investigate the Froude (propelling) efficiency and three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of human UUS following the extrinsic restriction of the ankle by tape application. |
- | 9 | 19.6 ± 0.8 | |||||
Wadrzyk et al. [42] | 2019 | 23 | - | 16.8 ± 0.6 | Level 4—Regional | 533.0 ± 66.0 | To determine gender-related differences of UUS kinematic indicators and their impact on UUS velocity. |
- | 18 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 551.0 ± 68.0 | ||||
Gonjo & Olstad [29] | 2020 | 14 | - | 19.8 ± 2.5 | Level 3—National | 686.0 ± 85.7 | To establish relationships between selected underwater kinematics and the starting and turning performances and to quantify kinematic differences between these segments in sprint butterfly swimming. |
Matsuura et al. [24] | 2020 | 9 | - | 20 ± 2 | Level 2—International B | 821.1 ± 68.2 | To identify muscular coordination in the trunk and lower limb during UUS in elite swimmers. |
Takeda et al. [38] | 2020 | 8 | - | 19.6 ± 1.2 | Level 3—National | 733.6 ± 57.5 | To investigate the deceleration effect of flutter kicking after dolphin kicking before commencing the stroke at swimmer’s emersion. |
Crespo et al. [32] | 2021 | 10 | - | 16.6 ± 2.0 | Level 5—Recreational | 402.0 ± 120.0 | To assess the effects of an activation protocol based on post-activation performance enhancements upon UUS; and evaluate the differences between males and females. |
- | 7 | 15.4 ± 1.8 | Level 4—Regional | 483.0 ± 102.0 | |||
Ikeda et al. [13] | 2021 | 9 | - | 20.4 ± 1.67 | Level 3—National | 766.0 ± 91.4 | To identify the kinematic variables associated with dolphin kick performance during the acceleration and deceleration phases. |
Matsuda et al. [31] | 2021 | 26 | - | 22.0 ± 2.7 | Level 3—National | 714.1 ± 103.7 | To investigate the relationship between 3D lower-limb kinematics and forward-swimming velocity during UUS at maximal velocity. |
Ruiz-Navarro et al. [8] | 2021 | 10 | - | 11.6 ± 0.2 | Level 4—Regional | - | To evaluate the effects of a training protocol on UUS and underwater gliding performance and kinematics in young swimmers. |
- | 7 | 10.6 ± 0.4 | |||||
Stosic et al. [36] | 2021 | 30 | - | 16.8 ± 1.4 | Level 3—National | - | To examine the role of segmental, kinematic, and coordinative parameters on the swimming velocity during the pre-transition and transition phases. |
Wadrzyk et al. [33] | 2021 | 47 | - | 17.2 ± 1.01 | Level 4—Regional | 553.0 ± 94.0 | To establish relationships between somatic build and kinematic indices describing UUS. |
Stosic et al. [37] | 2022 | 33 | - | 16.5 ± 1.3 | Level 3—National | - | To examine the effect of the breakout movements on the stroking variables and coordinative patterns of competitive swimmers. |
Tanaka et al. [39] | 2022 | 7 | - | 20.6 ± 2.40 | Level 4—Regional | 626.2 ± 81.2 | To compare the foot and trunk kinematic parameters during UUS between faster and slower swimmers. |
Yamakawa et al. [26] | 2022 | 8 | - | 21.1 ± 1.0 | Level 2—International B | 800.4 ± 81.4 | To investigate the changes in kinematics and muscle activity with increasing swimming velocity during UUS. |
Author | Year | Body Position | Start Type | Wall Distance (m) | Kick Cycles (n) | Frame Rate (Hz) | Cameras (n) | Experimental Technique—Software |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collard et al. [34] | 2011 | Ventral | Push Start | 12 | 1 | 60 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—Dartfish ProSuite |
Hochstein & Blickhan [43] | 2011 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 1 | 30 | 1 | Automatic marker tracking—WinAnalyse V1.0 |
Zamparo et al. [35] | 2012 | Ventral | Push Start | 15 | 3 | 25 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—SIMI motion |
Houel et al. [28] | 2013 | Ventral | Dive Start | Entire underwater (0–10 m) | 25 | 3 | Modified double plane direct linear transformation—SIMI motion | |
Atkison et al. [9] | 2014 | Ventral | Push Start | 7.5 | 3–5 | 30 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—Human Movement Analysis software |
Hochstein & Blickhan [27] | 2014 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 2 | 30–125 | 2 | Two-dimensional automatic marker tracking—WinAnalyse 2.1.1 |
Shimojo et al. [44] | 2014 | Ventral | Push Start | 15 | 3 | 100 | 2 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation—Tracker |
Willems et al. [41] | 2014 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 3 | 300 | 3 | Angle tool—Kinovea 0.8.15 |
Connaboy et al. [16] | 2016 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 6 | 50 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—APAS-2000 |
Higgs et al. [12] | 2017 | Ventral | Push Start | 5 | 3–6 | 100 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—Wetplate |
Yamakawa et al. [25] | 2017 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 3 | 100 | 2 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation—Tracker |
Shimojo et al. [40] | 2019 | Ventral | Push Start | 0 | 3 | 60–120 | 6 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation—FRAME-DIAS 4Three-dimensional automatic motion capture—VENUS-3D |
Wadrzyk et al. [42] | 2019 | Ventral | Push Start | 5 | 3 | 120 | 1 | Linear Scaling-Skill Spector |
Gonjo & Olstad [29] | 2020 | Ventral | Dive Start | Entire underwater section | 50 | 10 | Two-dimensional automatic motion analysis—AIM | |
Matsuura et al. [24] | 2020 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 3 | 200 | 2 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation—Tracker |
Takeda et al. [38] | 2020 | Ventral | Push Start | 6 | 3 | 59.96 | 1 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation (DLT)—Tracker |
Crespo et al. [32] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 5 | 4 | 200 | 0 | Speedometer Heidenhain |
Ikeda et al. [13] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 2 | 120 | 1 | Two-dimensional linear scaling—FrameDIAS V |
Matsuda et al. [31] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 12.5 | 3 | 200 | 17 | Three-dimensional automatic motion capture—Oqus Underwater |
Ruiz-Navarro et al. [8] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 5 | 3–6 | 200 | 0 | Speedometer |
Stosic et al. [36] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 1 | 50 | 2 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation |
Wadrzyk et al. [33] | 2021 | Ventral | Push Start | 7.5 | 3 | 120 | 1 | Linear Scaling—Skill Spector |
Stosic et al. [37] | 2022 | Ventral | Push Start | 10 | 1 | 50 | 2 | Two-dimensional direct linear transformation |
Tanaka et al. [39] | 2022 | Ventral | Push Start | 7.5 | 3 | 100 | 8 | Three-dimensional automatic motion capture—Qualysis |
Yamakawa et al. [26] | 2022 | Ventral | Water flume | 4 | 100 | 18 | Three-dimensional automatic motion capture—VENUS-3D |
Author | Year | Gender | Kicking Parameters | Segmental Kinematics | UUS Performance Determinants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kicking Velocity (m/s) | Kick Length (m) | Kick Rate (Hz) | Kick Amplitude (m) | |||||
Collard et al. [34] | 2011 | Both | 1.25 ± 0.29 | 0.53 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | ||
Hochstein & Blickhan [43] | 2011 | Females | 1.20 ± 0.06 | 2.06 ± 0.10 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | |||
Zamparo et al. [35] | 2012 | Both | 1.46 ± 0.15 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | ||||
Houel et al. [28] | 2013 | Males | 2.32 ± 0.22 | 0.70 ± 0.04 | ||||
Atkison et al. [9] | 2014 | Males | 1.64 ± 0.15 | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 2.11 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.07 | ||
Hochstein & Blickhan [27] | 2014 | Males | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 1.43 ± 0.54 | 0.67 ± 0.20 | |||
Females | 1.17 ± 0.04 | 1.99 ± 0.27 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | |||||
Shimojo et al. [44] | 2014 | Males | 1.60 ± 0.12 | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 2.26 ± 0.16 | |||
Willems et al. [41] | 2014 | Both | 1.64 ± 0.20 | 0.82 ± 0.21 | 2.08 ± 0.40 | |||
Connaboy et al. [16] | 2016 | Both | 1.20 ± 0.13 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 2.13 ± 0.23 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | ||
Higgs et al. [12] | 2017 | Males | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 2.27 ± 0.45 | ||||
Females | 1.52 ± 0.23 | |||||||
Yamakawa et al. [25] | 2017 | Females | 1.35 ± 0.08 | 1.99 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | |||
Shimojo et al. [40] | 2019 | Both | 1.33 ± 0.19 | 1.65 ± 0.18 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | |||
Wadrzyk et al. [42] | 2019 | Males | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 1.85 ± 0.26 | 0.63 ± 0.07 | |||
Females | 1.24 ± 0.12 | 1.83 ± 0.20 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | |||||
Gonjo & Olstad [29] | 2020 | Males | 2.70 ± 0.27 | 2.52 ± 0.23 | ||||
1.81 ± 0.15 | ||||||||
2.13 ± 0.21 | 2.16 ± 0.19 | |||||||
1.70 ± 0.11 | ||||||||
Matsuura et al. [24] | 2020 | Males | 1.80 ± 0.20 | 1.90 ± 0.30 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | |||
Takeda et al. [38] | 2020 | Males | 1.77 ± 0.12 | |||||
Males | 1.76 ± 0.13 | |||||||
Crespo et al. [32] | 2021 | Males | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 2.18 ± 0.33 | ||||
Females | 1.15 ± 0.11 | |||||||
Ikeda et al. [13] | 2021 | Males | 1.75 ± 0.16 | 2.37 ± 0.23 | ||||
Matsuda et al. [31] | 2021 | Males | 1.45 ± 0.15 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 2.17 ± 0.33 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | ||
Ruiz-Navarro et al. [8] | 2021 | Both | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 1.96 ± 0.24 | ||||
Stosic et al. [36] | 2021 | Males | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 2.14 ± 0.35 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | |||
Wadrzyk et al. [33] | 2021 | Males | 1.39 ± 0.18 | 0.73 ± 0.09 | 1.92 ± 0.28 | 0.62 ± 0.08 | ||
Stosic et al. [37] | 2022 | Males | 1.62 ± 0.17 | |||||
Tanaka et al. [39] | 2022 | Males | 1.57 ± 0.15 | 0.69 ± 0.08 | 2.32 ± 0.40 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | ||
1.31 ± 0.09 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 2.22 ± 0.29 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | |||||
Yamakawa et al. [26] | 2022 | Males | 1.43 ± 0.10 | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 2.11 ± 0.33 | 0.54 ± 0.05 |
3.4. Main Evidence on UUS Cycle Kinematics—Segmental Kinematics
3.5. Main Evidence on UUS Cycle Kinematics—Determinants of Kicking Performance
3.6. Study Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Characteristics
4.2. Kicking Parameters
4.3. Segmental Kinematics
4.4. Determinants of Kicking Performance
4.5. Differences by Groups of Gender, Level of Skill, Body Position, and Type of Start
4.6. Future Research on USS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Veiga, S.; Lorenzo, J.; Trinidad, A.; Pla, R.; Fallas-Campos, A.; de la Rubia, A. Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912196
Veiga S, Lorenzo J, Trinidad A, Pla R, Fallas-Campos A, de la Rubia A. Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912196
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeiga, Santiago, Jorge Lorenzo, Alfonso Trinidad, Robin Pla, Andrea Fallas-Campos, and Alfonso de la Rubia. 2022. "Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912196