Agriculture-Induced N2O Emissions and Reduction Strategies in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Method for Estimating N2O Emissions
2.2. Method for Estimating Kernel Density
2.3. Data Sources and Regional Segregation
2.3.1. Data Sources
2.3.2. Regional Segregation
3. Results
3.1. Overall Analysis of N2O Emissions
3.2. Provincial Distribution of N2O Emissions
3.3. Regional Variation of Agricultural N2O Emissions
3.4. Kernel Density of Eight Major Economic Zones
4. Conclusions and Discussion
4.1. Conslusions
4.2. Disscussion
5. Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | N2O Direct Emission Factor (EF) (%) | Range (%) |
---|---|---|
Zone I (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia) | 0.56 | 0.15~0.85 |
Zone II (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) | 1.14 | 0.21~2.58 |
Zone III (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan) | 0.57 | 0.14~0.81 |
Zone IV (Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing) | 1.09 | 0.26~2.20 |
Zone V (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian) | 1.78 | 0.46~2.28 |
Zone VI (Yunnan, Guizhou) | 1.06 | 0.25~2.18 |
Crop | Nitrogen Content of Grain (%) | Nitrogen Content of Straw (%) | Economic Coefficient (%) | Root-to-Crown Ratio (%) | Proportion of Straw Returned to the Field (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | 0.0100 | 0.00753 | 0.489 | 0.125 | 32.30 |
Corn | 0.0170 | 0.00580 | 0.438 | 0.170 | 9.30 |
Wheat | 0.0140 | 0.00516 | 0.434 | 0.166 | 76.50 |
Sorghum | 0.0170 | 0.00730 | 0.393 | 0.185 | 4.00 |
Soybean | 0.0600 | 0.01810 | 0.425 | 0.130 | 9.30 |
Vegetables | 0.0080 | 0.00800 | 0.830 | 0.250 | 61.85 |
Hemp | 0.0131 | 0.01310 | 0.830 | 0.200 | 9.30 |
Potato | 0.0040 | 0.01100 | 0.667 | 0.050 | 39.92 |
Tobacco | 0.0410 | 0.01440 | 0.830 | 0.200 | 61.85 |
Sweetener | 0.0055 | 0.00550 | 0.271 | 0.150 | 61.85 |
Region | North | Northeast | East | South Central | Southwest | Northwest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | 0.794 | 0.913 | 0.846 | 0.805 | 0.691 | 0.545 |
Sheep | 0.093 | 0.057 | 0.113 | 0.106 | 0.064 | 0.074 |
Goat | 0.093 | 0.057 | 0.113 | 0.106 | 0.064 | 0.074 |
Pig | 0.227 | 0.266 | 0.175 | 0.157 | 0.159 | 0.195 |
Poultry | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
Horse | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Donkey | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 |
Mule | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.188 |
Camel | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Variable Name | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|
Yield of major crops (Ten thousand tons) | 90,506 | 143,452 |
Number of livestock and poultry (Ten thousand units) | 566,652 | 898,715 |
Amount of agricultural fertilizer application (Ten thousand tons) | 4146 | 6023 |
Total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (One hundred million yuan) | 24,916 | 123,968 |
N2O emissions (Ten thousand tons) | 66 | 81 |
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Wang, G.; Liu, P.; Hu, J.; Zhang, F. Agriculture-Induced N2O Emissions and Reduction Strategies in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912193
Wang G, Liu P, Hu J, Zhang F. Agriculture-Induced N2O Emissions and Reduction Strategies in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912193
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Guofeng, Pu Liu, Jinmiao Hu, and Fan Zhang. 2022. "Agriculture-Induced N2O Emissions and Reduction Strategies in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912193