Relationship between Pain, Fear of Falling and Physical Performance in Older People Residents in Long-Stay Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Procedures
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Variables
2.4.2. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.4.3. Use of Psychotropic and/or Hypnotic Drugs
2.4.4. Perceived Health
2.4.5. Depression
2.4.6. Pain
2.4.7. Fear of Falling
2.4.8. Short Physical Performance Battery
2.5. Ethical Aspects
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean or n | Standard Deviation (SD) or % |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 78.8 | ±7.62 |
Institutionalization Time (years) | 3.80 | ±3.49 |
Cognitive Function (MMSE) | 21.5 | ±3.5 |
GDS-15 Score | 5.74 | ±3.24 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.88 | ±5.13 |
Gender | ||
Male Female | 46 87 | 34.6% 65.4% |
Marital status * | ||
Married Single Divorced Widower | 12 57 25 38 | 9.1% 43.2% 18.9% 28.8% |
Education ** | ||
Illiterate Low education level High schooling | 31 77 22 | 23.8% 59.2% 16.9% |
Nutritional Status ** | ||
Malnutrition (<22 kg/m2) Eutrophy (22–27 kg/m2) Obesity (27 kg/m2) | 34 59 37 | 26.2% 45.4% 28.5% |
Psychotropic Drug Use * | ||
Yes No | 48 84 | 36.4% 83.6% |
Use of Hypnotic Drugs * | ||
Yes No | 40 92 | 30.3% 69.7% |
Depression (GDS-15) | ||
Yes (>5) No (≤5) | 66 67 | 49.6% 50.4% |
Perceived Health | ||
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory | 97 36 | 72.9% 27.1% |
Variables | n or Mean | % or SD |
---|---|---|
Pain in General £ | ||
Yea No | 73 54 | 57.5% 42.5% |
Acute Pain £ | ||
Yea No | 17 110 | 13.4% 86.6% |
Chronic Pain £ | ||
Yea No | 61 66 | 48.0% 52.0% |
Balance Score | 2.73 (±1.44) | - |
Sit and Stand Test-SPPB (s) | 20.27 (±6.41) | - |
Gait Speed Test-SPPB (m/s) | 0.73 (±0.35) | |
SPPB Total Score | 6.43 (±2.96) | - |
Physical Performance-SPPB (%) ** | ||
Disability or very poor performance (0–3) Poor performance (4–6) Moderate performance (7–9) Good performance (10–12) | - - - - | 25 (19.2%) 37 (28.5%) 47 (36.2%) 21 (16.2%) |
N = 108 | ||
GPM * | 28.81 | ±30.67 |
Total Fear of Falls FES-I score * | 34.46 (±1.18) | |
Older people with low concern * | 16.92 (±2.24) | 13 (12.0%) |
Older people with moderate concern * | 22.65 (±1.98) | 20 (18.6%) |
Older people with high concern * | 40.65 (±7.93) | 75 (69.4%) |
Balance Score (0–4) a | Walking Speed (m/s) a | Test Stand Up from Chair(s) a | Total SPPB Score (0–12) a | FES-I € | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain | |||||
Yes | 2.62 (±1.50) | 0.63 (±0.29) | 21.75 (±5.86) | 5.89 (±2.74) | 38.29 (±10.94) |
No | 2.85 (±1.36) | 0.84 (±0.38) | 18.58 (±6.51) | 7.09 (±3.15) | 29.50 (±10.59) |
p-value | 0.36 | 0.002 * | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | <0.001 ** |
Acute Pain | |||||
Yes | 2.29 (±1.57) | 0.53 (±0.19) | 23.92 (±3.96) | 4.53 (±2.37) | 37.31 (±11.83) |
No | 2.78 (±1.42) | 0.75 (±0.35) | 19.78 (±6.46) | 6.69 (±2.95) | 34.01 (±11.71) |
p-value | 0.19 | 0.04 * | 0.01 * | 0.005 * | 0.26 |
Chronic Pain | |||||
Yes | 2.65 (±1.53) | 0.65 (±0.31) | 21.48 (±6.28) | 6.06 (±2.80) | 38.61 (±11.36) |
No | 2.77 (±1.38) | 0.79 (±0.37) | 19.31 (±6.29) | 6.71 (3.11) | 31.36 (±10.83) |
p-value | 0.66 | 0.02 * | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.001 ** |
GPM | −0.110 | −0.324 | 0.308 | −0.241 | 0.31 b |
p-value | 0.22 | 0.001 * | 0.004 * | 0.007 * | 0.001 ***b |
Variables | ß | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Balance a | |||
Age | −0.045 | −1.192: −0.78 | 0.01 |
Use of Hypnotics | −0.64 | −1.19: −0.08 | 0.03 |
Gait Speed b | |||
Age | −0.01 | −0.02: −0.002 | 0.01 |
Acute pain | −0.23 | −0.44: −0.02 | 0.03 |
Chair Lift Test c | |||
Acute pain | 3.7 | −0.34: 7.75 | 0.04 |
SPPB Total | |||
Age | −0.1 | −0.16: −0.03 | 0.01 |
Acute pain | −1.9 | −3.28: −0.43 | 0.01 |
Variables | ß | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Dichotomous Pain | |||
Age | −0.19 | −0.08: 0.46 | 0.17 |
Male | −4.60 | −8.60: −0.60 | 0.02 |
No use of psychotropics | −4.70 | −8.56: −0.85 | 0.01 |
Perceived good health | −0.89 | −5.36: 3.57 | 0.69 |
GDS score | 1.06 | 0.49: 1.63 | <0.01 |
Dichotomous pain (yes) | 5.47 | 1.51: 9.43 | <0.01 |
Categorical GPM | |||
Age | 0.19 | −0.02: −0.002 | 0.18 |
Male | −5.06 | −9.13: −1.00 | 0.01 |
No use of psychotropics | −4.40 | −8.35: −0.44 | 0.03 |
Good health perceived | 0.01 | −4.92: 4.94 | 0.90 |
GDS score | 1.05 | 0.46: 1.63 | <0.01 |
Pain Intensity (GPM) | |||
Light | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moderate | 4.04 | −0.26: 8.36 | 0.06 |
Intense | 7.15 | 0.27: 14.03 | 0.04 |
Chronic Pain | |||
Age | 0.22 | −0.05: −0.50 | 0.11 |
Male | −5.43 | −9.43: −1.42 | <0.01 |
No use of psychotropics | −4.79 | −8.73: −0.85 | 0.01 |
Perceived health | −0.95 | −5.61: 3.70 | 0.68 |
GDS score | 1.04 | 0.46: 1.62 | <0.01 |
Chronic pain (yes) | 3.82 | −0.22: 7.86 | 0.06 |
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Fernandes, S.G.; Sales, W.B.; Tavares, D.V.; Pereira, D.d.S.; Nóbrega, P.V.d.N.; Holanda, C.M.d.A.; Maciel, A.C.C. Relationship between Pain, Fear of Falling and Physical Performance in Older People Residents in Long-Stay Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912014
Fernandes SG, Sales WB, Tavares DV, Pereira DdS, Nóbrega PVdN, Holanda CMdA, Maciel ACC. Relationship between Pain, Fear of Falling and Physical Performance in Older People Residents in Long-Stay Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912014
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Sabrina Gomes, Weslley Barbosa Sales, Diego Villar Tavares, Dayanna da Silva Pereira, Patrícia Vidal de Negreiros Nóbrega, Cristina Marques de Almeida Holanda, and Alvaro Campos Cavalcanti Maciel. 2022. "Relationship between Pain, Fear of Falling and Physical Performance in Older People Residents in Long-Stay Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912014