Distribution and Risk Factors of Malaria in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Descriptive Statistics
2.4. Temporal Analysis
2.5. Spatial Analysis
2.6. Space–Time Analysis
2.7. Regression Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Temporal Analysis
3.3. Spatial Analysis
3.4. Space–Time Analysis
3.5. Negative-Binomial Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time Period (Month Year) | Latitude | Longitude | Radius (km) | Population | No. of Cases | Expected Cases | No. of Districts | RR | LLR | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 February–17 July | 5.8126 | 0.1730 | 26.6 | 483,466 | 216,521 | 54,874.3 | 4 | 4.66 | 148,688.1 | <0.001 |
15 February–17 July | 5.6967 | 0.1308 | 0 | 88,105 | 41,972 | 10,000.12 | 1 | 4.32 | 28,704.2 | <0.001 |
15 May–16 November | 5.6060 | 0.1218 | 0 | 156,336 | 15,921 | 11,208.48 | 1 | 1.43 | 885.4 | <0.001 |
15 July | 5.5386 | 0.2269 | 0 | 509,868 | 2243 | 1918.16 | 1 | 1.17 | 26.1 | <0.001 |
17 June–19 November | 5.7000 | 0.2196 | 7.9 | 411,736 | 94,709 | 50,348.11 | 3 | 1.96 | 16,426.8 | <0.001 |
17 June–19 November | 5.6169 | 0.3065 | 0 | 133,495 | 22,665 | 16,324.08 | 1 | 1.40 | 1115.8 | <0.001 |
18 April | 5.5591 | 0.3128 | 0 | 180,058 | 849 | 714.82 | 1 | 1.19 | 11.9 | <0.05 |
19 August–19 November | 5.6212 | 0.2249 | 0 | 236,067 | 8296 | 3990.12 | 1 | 2.09 | 1774.8 | <0.001 |
Covariates | Coefficient | 95% CI | Risk Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | ||||
Rainfall (cm) | ||||
Min temp (°C) | ||||
Malaria cases * | ||||
Population density ** |
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Kawaguchi, K.; Donkor, E.; Lal, A.; Kelly, M.; Wangdi, K. Distribution and Risk Factors of Malaria in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912006
Kawaguchi K, Donkor E, Lal A, Kelly M, Wangdi K. Distribution and Risk Factors of Malaria in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912006
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawaguchi, Koh, Elorm Donkor, Aparna Lal, Matthew Kelly, and Kinley Wangdi. 2022. "Distribution and Risk Factors of Malaria in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912006