Women during Lactation Reduce Their Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Compared to Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Women Enrollment
2.2. Socioeconomic and Clinical Variables
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cohort Contextualization
3.2. Psychological Capital and Health Survey
3.3. Sleep Quality and Physical Activity
3.4. Association Factors during Pregnancy and Lactation
4. Discussion
Limitation and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wu, H.; Sun, W.; Chen, H.; Wu, Y.; Ding, W.; Liang, S.; Huang, X.; Chen, H.; Zeng, Q.; Li, Z.; et al. Health-Related Quality of Life in Different Trimesters during Pregnancy. Health Q. Life Outcomes 2021, 19, 182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mortazavi, F.; Mousavi, S.A.; Chaman, R.; Khosravi, A. Maternal Quality of Life during the Transition to Motherhood. Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J. 2014, 16, e8443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Staver, M.A.; Moore, T.A.; Hanna, K.M. Maternal Distress in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Concept Analysis. Adv. Neonatal. Care 2019, 19, 394–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foster, K.; Roche, M.; Delgado, C.; Cuzzillo, C.; Giandinoto, J.-A.; Furness, T. Resilience and Mental Health Nursing: An Integrative Review of International Literature. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2019, 28, 71–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Major, B.; Richards, C.; Cooper, M.L.; Cozzarelli, C.; Zubek, J. Personal Resilience, Cognitive Appraisals, and Coping: An Integrative Model of Adjustment to Abortion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1998, 74, 735–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noroozi, M.; Gholami, M.; Mohebbi-Dehnavi, Z. The Relationship between Hope and Resilience with Promoting Maternal Attachment to the Fetus during Pregnancy. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2020, 9, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramiro-Cortijo, D.; de la Calle, M.; Gila-Díaz, A.; Moreno-Jiménez, B.; Martin-Cabrejas, M.A.; Arribas, S.M.; Garrosa, E. Maternal Resources, Pregnancy Concerns, and Biological Factors Associated to Birth Weight and Psychological Health. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gila-Díaz, A.; Herranz Carrillo, G.; López de Pablo, Á.L.; Arribas, S.M.; Ramiro-Cortijo, D. Association between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Stress, Optimism, and Breastfeeding Pattern in the First Six Months. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luthans, F.; Avolio, B.J.; Avey, J.B.; Norman, S.M. Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Pers. Psychol. 2007, 60, 541–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bei, B.; Coo, S.; Trinder, J. Sleep and Mood During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Sleep Med. Clin. 2015, 10, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pengo, M.F.; Won, C.H.; Bourjeily, G. Sleep in Women Across the Life Span. Chest 2018, 154, 196–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Honda, T. Breastfeeding Affects the Sleep of Mothers in Postpartum Period. J. UOEH 2018, 40, 191–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sultan, P.; Carvalho, B. Postpartum Recovery: What Does It Take to Get Back to a Baseline? Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2021, 33, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Badr, H.A.; Zauszniewski, J.A. Meta-Analysis of the Predictive Factors of Postpartum Fatigue. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2017, 36, 122–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ashrafinia, F.; Mirmohammadali, M.; Rajabi, H.; Kazemnejad, A.; Sadeghniiat Haghighi, K.; Amelvalizadeh, M. Effect of Pilates Exercises on Postpartum Maternal Fatigue. Singapore Med. J. 2015, 56, 169–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrison, C.L.; Brown, W.J.; Hayman, M.; Moran, L.J.; Redman, L.M. The Role of Physical Activity in Preconception, Pregnancy and Postpartum Health. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016, 34, e28–e37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nascimento, S.L.; Surita, F.G.; Cecatti, J.G. Physical Exercise during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 24, 387–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dipietro, L.; Evenson, K.R.; Bloodgood, B.; Sprow, K.; Troiano, R.P.; Piercy, K.L.; Vaux-Bjerke, A.; Powell, K.E. Benefits of Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Umbrella Review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2019, 51, 1292–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borodulin, K.; Evenson, K.R.; Herring, A.H. Physical Activity Patterns during Pregnancy through Postpartum. BMC Womens Health 2009, 9, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.; Clemente-Bosch, E.; Peraita-Costa, I.; Llopis-Morales, A.; Martínez, I.; Llopis-González, A. Maternal Physical Activity During Pregnancy and the Effect on the Mother and Newborn: A Systematic Review. J. Phys. Act. Health 2021, 18, 130–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Hogares y Personas Según Nivel de Ingresos Mensuales Netos Regulares Del Hogar. Available online: https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=10694#!tabs-tabla (accessed on 28 February 2022).
- MED-Calculator from National Cancer Institute Calculates Pack Years in Patients with Any Smoking History. Available online: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10187/pack-years-calculator#evidence (accessed on 14 March 2022).
- Yourkavitch, J.; Chetwynd, E.M. Toward Consistency: Updating Lactation and Breastfeeding Terminology for Population Health Research. J. Hum. Lact. 2019, 35, 418–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kronborg, H.; Vaeth, M. Validation of the Breastfeeding Score-A Simple Screening Tool to Predict Breastfeeding Duration. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luthans, F.; Youssef, C.M.; Avolio, B.J. Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge; Online; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 9780195187526. [Google Scholar]
- Wernsing, T. Psychological Capital. J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud. 2014, 21, 179–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilagut, G.; Ferrer, M.; Rajmil, L.; Rebollo, P.; Permanyer-Miralda, G.; Quintana, J.M.; Santed, R.; Valderas, J.M.; Ribera, A.; Domingo-Salvany, A.; et al. The Spanish Version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey: A Decade of Experience and New Developments. Gac. Sanit. 2005, 19, 135–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, J.A.; Riegel, B. United States Spanish Short-Form-36 Health Survey: Scaling Assumptions and Reliability in Elderly Community-Dwelling Mexican Americans. Nurs. Res. 2003, 52, 262–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, Q.-Y.; Gelaye, B.; Sánchez, S.E.; Williams, M.A. Psychometric Properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in a Cohort of Peruvian Pregnant Women. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2015, 11, 869–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choquez-Millan, L.; Soto, A. Sleep Quality and Perinatal Depression in Pregnant Women Treated in a Primary Care Centre in Lima, Peru. Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oviedo-Caro, M.Á.; Bueno-Antequera, J.; Munguía-Izquierdo, D. Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Spanish Version of Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire: The PregnActive Project. Gac. Sanit. 2019, 33, 369–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chasan-Taber, L.; Schmidt, M.D.; Roberts, D.E.; Hosmer, D.; Markenson, G.; Freedson, P.S. Development and Validation of a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004, 36, 1750–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, J.-W.; Kang, J.-S.; Lee, H. Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emamian, F.; Khazaie, H.; Okun, M.L.; Tahmasian, M.; Sepehry, A.A. Link between Insomnia and Perinatal Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. J. Sleep Res. 2019, 28, e12858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedov, I.D.; Cameron, E.E.; Madigan, S.; Tomfohr-Madsen, L.M. Sleep Quality during Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2018, 38, 168–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ejaz, H.; Figaro, J.K.; Woolner, A.M.F.; Thottakam, B.M.V.; Galley, H.F. Maternal Serum Melatonin Increases During Pregnancy and Falls Immediately After Delivery Implicating the Placenta as a Major Source of Melatonin. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 623038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tobback, E.; Behaeghel, K.; Hanoulle, I.; Delesie, L.; Loccufier, A.; van Holsbeeck, A.; Vogelaers, D.; Mariman, A. Comparison of Subjective Sleep and Fatigue in Breast- and Bottle-Feeding Mothers. Midwifery 2017, 47, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iranpour, S.; Kheirabadi, G.R.; Esmaillzadeh, A.; Heidari-Beni, M.; Maracy, M.R. Association between Sleep Quality and Postpartum Depression. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2016, 21, 110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hughes, O.; Mohamad, M.M.; Doyle, P.; Burke, G. The Significance of Breastfeeding on Sleep Patterns during the First 48 Hours Postpartum for First Time Mothers. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2018, 38, 316–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ataş, A.N.; Özerdoğan, N. Perceived Sleep Quality and Fatigue in a Population of New Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Relationships with Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding. Breastfeed. Med. 2022, 17, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakamura, A.; van der Waerden, J.; Melchior, M.; Bolze, C.; El-Khoury, F.; Pryor, L. Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 246, 29–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baran, J.; Kalandyk-Osinko, K.; Baran, R. Does Prenatal Physical Activity Affect the Occurrence of Postnatal Anxiety and Depression? Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebina, A.; Sawa, R.; Kondo, Y.; Murata, S.; Saito, T.; Isa, T.; Tsuboi, Y.; Torizawa, K.; Matsuda, N.; Ono, R. Daily Physical Activity Is Associated with Increased Sonographically Measured Bone Status during Lactation. Womens Health 2020, 16, 1745506519900582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nguyen, P.T.H.; Binns, C.W.; Nguyen, C.L.; van Ha, A.V.; Chu, K.T.; van Duong, D.; van Do, D.; Lee, A.H. Physical Activity During Pregnancy Is Associated with Improved Breastfeeding Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papazian, T.; el Osta, N.; Hout, H.; el Chammas, D.; el Helou, N.; Younes, H.; Abi Tayeh, G.; Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ): Translation and Cross Cultural Adaption of an Arabic Version. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0230420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chasan-Taber, L.; Freedson, P.S.; Roberts, D.E.; Schmidt, M.D.; Fragala, M.S. Energy Expenditure of Selected Household Activities during Pregnancy. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2007, 78, 133–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mottola, M.F.; Campbell, M.K. Activity Patterns during Pregnancy. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 28, 642–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, M.A.; Rifas-Shiman, S.L.; Kleinman, K.P.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Peterson, K.E.; Gillman, M.W. Predictors of Change in Physical Activity during and after Pregnancy: Project Viva. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32, 312–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koo, K.; Kim, K. Effects of Different Types of Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Korean Women with Depressive Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munn, A.C.; Newman, S.D.; Mueller, M.; Phillips, S.M.; Taylor, S.N. The Impact in the United States of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on Early Infant Health and Breastfeeding Outcomes. Breastfeed. Med. 2016, 11, 222–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, G.A.L.; Wolfe, L.A.; Mottola, M.F.; MacKinnon, C.; Society of Obstetricians and gynecologists of Canada; SOGC Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee. Joint SOGC/CSEP Clinical Practice Guideline: Exercise in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 28, 330–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szegda, K.; Bertone-Johnson, E.R.; Pekow, P.; Powers, S.; Markenson, G.; Dole, N.; Chasan-Taber, L. Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy among Latina Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018, 18, 252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gila-Díaz, A.; Herranz Carrillo, G.; Arribas, S.M.; Ramiro-Cortijo, D. Healthy Habits and Emotional Balance in Women during the Postpartum Period: Differences between Term and Preterm Delivery. Children 2021, 8, 937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gila-Díaz, A.; Witte Castro, A.; Herranz Carrillo, G.; Singh, P.; Yakah, W.; Arribas, S.M.; Ramiro-Cortijo, D. Assessment of Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid in Pregnant and Lactating Women. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orr, S.T. Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome: A Review of the Literature. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 47, 842–855; discussion 881–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, H.P.; Adynski, H.; Harris, R.; Bhattacharya, A.; Incollingo Rodriguez, A.C.; Cali, R.; Yabar, A.T.; Nephew, B.C.; Murgatroyd, C. Biopsychosocial Correlates of Psychological Distress in Latina Mothers. J Affect Disord 2021, 282, 617–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llorente-Pulido, S.; Custodio, E.; López-Giménez, M.R.; Sanz-Barbero, B.; Otero-García, L. Barriers and Facilitators for Exclusive Breastfeeding in Women’s Biopsychosocial Spheres According to Primary Care Midwives in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramiro-Cortijo, D.; de la Calle, M.; Benitez, V.; Gila-Diaz, A.; Moreno-Jiménez, B.; Arribas, S.M.; Garrosa, E. Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
≤12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 32) | >12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 119) | Lactation (n = 60) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 32.0 [25.0; 35.0] | 33.0 [29.0; 37.0] | 33.0 [28.8; 36.0] | 0.509 |
Gestational age (weeks) * | 7.7 [5.9; 10.1] a | 27.0 [19.6; 34.0] b | 39.0 [38.0; 40.0] c | <0.001 |
Origin | ||||
Spanish | 17 (58.6%) | 65 (63.7%) | 21 (45.7%) | 0.119 |
Non-Spanish | 12 (41.4%) | 37 (36.3%) | 25 (54.3%) | |
Educational level | ||||
Illiterate | 1 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.811 |
Primary degree | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 2 (4.4%) | |
High School degree | 12 (37.5%) | 42 (35.3%) | 15 (25.0%) | |
University degree | 16 (50.0%) | 57 (47.9%) | 29 (48.3%) | |
Civil status | ||||
Single | 6 (20.7%) | 5 (4.9%) | 5 (10.9%) | 0.066 |
Married | 22 (68.8%) | 95 (79.8%) | 41 (68.3%) | |
Others | 1 (3.5%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Employment status | ||||
Working | 15 (46.9%) | 43 (36.1%) | 18 (30.0%) | 0.005 |
Unemployed | 5 (15.6%) | 18 (15.1%) | 29 (48.3%) | |
Others | 9 (28.1%) | 30 (25.2%) | 10 (16.7%) | |
Economic status | ||||
No-income | 5 (17.2%) | 8 (7.8%) | 8 (17.4%) | 0.082 |
<1000 €/month | 4 (13.8%) | 24 (23.5%) | 13 (28.3%) | |
1001–2500 €/month | 14 (48.3%) | 34 (33.3%) | 19 (41.3%) | |
2501–4000 €/month | 4 (13.8%) | 27 (26.5%) | 6 (13.0%) | |
>4000 €/month | 2 (6.9%) | 9 (8.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Tobacco consumption | ||||
Never | 19 (65.5%) | 60 (58.8%) | 32 (69.6%) | 0.774 |
Passive smoker | 3 (10.3%) | 18 (17.6%) | 6 (13.0%) | |
Ex-smoker | 7 (24.1%) | 19 (18.6%) | 7 (15.2%) | |
Smoker | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (4.9%) | 1 (2.2%) | |
Tobacco index | - | 6.4 [6.4; 6.4] | 7.5 [5.0; 7.5] | 0.766 |
Wine and Beers intake | ||||
Never | 21 (72.4%) | 87 (85.3%) | 35 (76.1%) | 0.127 |
Sporadic | 7 (24.1%) | 13 (12.7%) | 11 (23.9%) | |
Daily | 1 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Liquors intake | ||||
Never | 26 (89.7%) | 97 (95.1%) | 42 (91.3%) | 0.408 |
Sporadic | 2 (6.9%) | 4 (3.9%) | 3 (6.5%) | |
Daily | 1 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Assisted reproduction techniques | 5 (17.2%) | 14 (13.7%) | 5 (10.9%) | 0.750 |
Perceived social support | 4.0 [2.0; 6.0] a | 3.0 [1.0; 6.0] a | 1.0 [0.0; 3.0] b | <0.001 |
≤12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 13) | >12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 56) | Lactation (n = 21) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological capital tool (PsyCap) | ||||
Hope | 3.33 [3.33; 3.67] | 3.67 [3.00; 4.00] | 3.33 [3.00; 4.00] | 0.931 |
Self-efficacy | 3.00 [3.00; 3.33] | 3.00 [3.00; 3.42] | 3.00 [2.67; 3.67] | 0.953 |
Resilience | 3.00 [3.00; 3.00] | 3.00 [2.67; 3.33] | 3.00 [2.67; 3.67] | 0.790 |
Optimism | 3.00 [2.67; 3.00] | 3.00 [2.58; 3.33] | 2.67 [2.33; 3.33] | 0.933 |
Health survey form (SF-36) | ||||
Physical functioning | 28.5 [24.0; 29.2] | 26.5 [22.0; 29.0] | 29.0 [23.5; 30.0] | 0.257 |
Physical role functioning | 6.50 [4.00; 8.00] | 6.00 [4.75; 8.00] | 8.00 [4.00; 8.00] | 0.746 |
Bodily pain | 6.15 [5.85; 8.20] | 6.10 [5.20; 8.20] | 7.10 [4.95; 7.20] | 0.991 |
General health | 11.7 [8.85; 14.3] | 10.7 [8.40; 13.1] | 11.0 [8.70; 12.4] | 0.875 |
Vitality/fatigue | 15.0 [12.8; 17.5] | 13.5 [12.0; 17.0] | 16.0 [12.5; 18.5] | 0.460 |
Social functioning | 5.00 [5.00; 5.25] | 5.00 [4.00; 5.00] | 5.00 [4.00; 5.00] | 0.447 |
Emotional functionality | 4.50 [3.00; 6.00] | 5.50 [4.00; 6.00] | 5.00 [3.00; 6.00] | 0.555 |
General mental health | 13.0 [12.5; 14.2] | 12.5 [10.0; 16.2] | 14.0 [12.5; 16.5] | 0.524 |
≤12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 20) | >12 Weeks of Gestation (n = 71) | Lactation (n = 29) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) | ||||
Sleep duration | 1.0 [0.0; 2.0] a | 1.0 [0.0; 2.0] a | 2.0 [1.5; 3.0] b | <0.001 |
Sleep disturbance | 10.0 [5.0; 12.0] | 11.0 [9.0; 15.0] | 9.0 [6.5; 12.5] | 0.155 |
Sleep latency | 2.0 [0.0; 3.0] | 2.0 [1.0; 3.0] | 1.0 [0.0; 3.0] | 0.434 |
Daytime dysfunction | 3.0 [2.0; 3.0] | 2.0 [1.0; 3.0] | 3.0 [1.5; 4.0] | 0.348 |
Sleep efficiency | 2.0 [0.0; 3.0] a,b | 0.0 [0.0; 2.0] b | 2.0 [1.0; 3.0] a | 0.021 |
Sleep quality | 2.0 [2.0; 3.0] a,b | 2.0 [2.0; 3.0] b | 3.0 [2.0; 4.0] a | 0.041 |
Overall PSQI | 21.0 [9.0; 24.0] | 20.0 [14.0; 24.0] | 19.0 [15.0; 25.0] | 0.923 |
Pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ; MET.h/week) | ||||
Household task | 296 [124; 1746] a | 267 [183; 927] a | 2312 [1238; 3344] b | <0.001 |
Work activities | 810 [0.0; 2827] | 28.4 [0.0; 1295] | 6.49 [0.0; 1260] | 0.575 |
Sports practices | 1.71 [0.10; 3.14] | 1.14 [0.12; 3.50] | 0.31 [0.05; 2.55] | 0.291 |
Transportation | 60.5 [5.38; 131] a | 31.7 [5.64; 73.6] a | 18.4 [0.0; 31.7] b | 0.001 |
Inactivity | 241 [84.7; 778] a | 114 [27.0; 531] a | 27.0 [12.2; 209] b | 0.008 |
Total activity | 2813 [1428; 3750] a,b | 2063 [775; 3105] b | 3452 [2252; 5218] a | 0.001 |
>12 Weeks of Gestation | Lactation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β ± SE | p-Value | β ± SE | p-Value | |
Sleep duration | −0.05 ± 0.34 | 0.873 | 1.13 ± 0.56 | 0.016 |
Sleep efficiency | −0.50 ± 0.37 | 0.176 | 0.29 ± 0.49 | 0.553 |
Sleep quality | −0.008 ± 0.27 | 0.977 | 0.22 ± 0.36 | 0.549 |
Household task | −33.46 ± 351.25 | 0.924 | 2147.3 ± 470.7 | <0.001 |
Transportation | −69.66 ± 28.17 | 0.015 | −78.55 ± 37.74 | 0.040 |
Inactivity | −111.13 ± 203.05 | 0.586 | −99.31 ± 272.09 | 0.716 |
Total activity | −598.57 ± 513.46 | 0.247 | 1683.7 ± 688.05 | 0.016 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cabrera-Domínguez, G.; de la Calle, M.; Herranz Carrillo, G.; Ruvira, S.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, P.; Arribas, S.M.; Ramiro-Cortijo, D. Women during Lactation Reduce Their Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Compared to Pregnancy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811199
Cabrera-Domínguez G, de la Calle M, Herranz Carrillo G, Ruvira S, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Arribas SM, Ramiro-Cortijo D. Women during Lactation Reduce Their Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Compared to Pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811199
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabrera-Domínguez, Gema, María de la Calle, Gloria Herranz Carrillo, Santiago Ruvira, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Silvia M. Arribas, and David Ramiro-Cortijo. 2022. "Women during Lactation Reduce Their Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Compared to Pregnancy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811199