Using Decision Trees to Examine Environmental and Behavioural Factors Associated with Youth Anxiety, Depression, and Flourishing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Compass Student Questionnaire
2.2.2. Mental Health Outcome Measures
2.2.3. Predictor Measures
Demographics
Weight Status and Perception
Diet and Eating Behaviours
Movement Behaviours
Substance Use
Bullying and Academics
School Connectedness
Social Support
2.2.4. School-Level Census Data
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. GAD-7
3.3. CESD-10
3.4. Flourishing Scale
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Continuous Variables | Mean (s.d.) |
---|---|
CESD-10 [N = 70,610] | 8.82 (6.05) |
GAD-7 [N = 71,736] | 6.2 (5.56) |
FS [N = 72,415] | 32.16 (5.73) |
Age [N = 73,960] | 15.15 (1.49) |
School Area Median Income (‘000s) [N = 74,501] | 67.59 (17.45) |
School Size (‘00s) [N = 74,501] | 8.41 (3.52) |
Servings of Fruits and Vegetables [N = 71,679] | 2.98 (2.01) |
Average Daily Physical Activity (h) [N = 66,007] | 1.6 (1.05) |
Screen Time (h) [N = 67,181] | 5.87 (3.04) |
Sleep Time (h) [N = 69,630] | 7.52 (1.28) |
School Connectedness Score [N = 71,413] | 18.5 (3.36) |
Binary Variables | % (n) |
Eat Breakfast Daily [N = 74,501] | 0.49 (36,197) |
Tobacco Use [N = 73,852] | 0.07 (5532) |
E-cigarette Use [N = 73,466] | 0.28 (20,852) |
Binge Drinking [N = 74,254] | 0.17 (12,884) |
Cannabis Use [N = 73,299] | 0.13 (9662) |
Was Bullied [N = 70,753] | 0.88 (61,940) |
Bullied Others [N = 71,063] | 0.06 (4339) |
Expect to Attend Post Secondary Education [N = 70,753] | 0.06 (4339) |
Happy Home Life [N = 72,830] | 0.79 (57,444) |
Talk About Problems with Family [N = 72,234] | 0.59 (42,833) |
Talk About Problems with Friends [N = 72,622] | 0.75 (54,246) |
Categorical Variables | % (n) |
Sex [N = 73,672] | |
Female | 0.5 (36,546) |
Male | 0.5 (37,126) |
Ethnicity [N = 73,839] | |
White | 0.69 (51,017) |
Black | 0.04 (2951) |
Asian | 0.1 (7465) |
Hispanic | 0.03 (1886) |
Other/Mixed | 0.14 (10,520) |
Spending Money [N = 73,422] | |
$0 | 0.16 (11,684) |
$1–$20 | 0.24 (17,744) |
$21–$40 | 0.11 (8071) |
$41–$100 | 0.12 (8722) |
More than$100 | 0.19 (14,216) |
Don’t Know | 0.18 (12,985) |
Province [N = 74,501] | |
AB | 0.04 (3301) |
BC | 0.14 (10,402) |
ON | 0.41 (30,675) |
QC | 0.4 (30,123) |
Urbanicity [N = 74,501] | |
Large Urban | 0.54 (40,421) |
Medium Urban | 0.1 (7573) |
Small Urban/Rural | 0.36 (26,507) |
Weight Perception [N = 73,071] | |
Underweight | 0.17 (12,140) |
About the right weight | 0.6 (43,893) |
Overweight/Obese | 0.23 (17,038) |
BMI Classification [N = 74,501] | |
Underweight | 0.02 (1397) |
Normal Weight | 0.53 (39,388) |
Overweight | 0.12 (8682) |
Obese | 0.05 (4027) |
Not Stated | 0.28 (21,007) |
Classes Skipped in Past 4 Weeks [N = 71,571] | |
0 classes | 0.65 (46,785) |
1 or 2 classes | 0.2 (14,555) |
3 to 5 classes | 0.08 (5988) |
6 or more classes | 0.06 (4243) |
[Estimate (95% Confidence Interval)] | GAD-7 (N = 52,875) | CESD-10 (N = 52,591) | FS (N = 52,997) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male Sex | −2.57 (−2.65,−2.49) *** | −2.11 (−2.19,−2.03) *** | 0.1 (0.04,0.17) ** | |
Age | 0.09 (0.06,0.12) *** | 0.06 (0.02,0.09) *** | −0.06 (−0.09,−0.03) *** | |
Ethnicity (ref = White) | Black | −1.54 (−1.77,−1.31) *** | −1 (−1.24,−0.76) *** | 1.1 (0.91,1.3) *** |
Asian | −0.69 (−0.84,−0.53) *** | 0.15 (−0.01,0.3) | −0.43 (−0.56,−0.3) *** | |
Hispanic | −0.4 (−0.65,−0.15) ** | −0.08 (−0.34,0.19) | 0.6 (0.38,0.81) *** | |
Other/Mixed | −0.02 (−0.14,0.09) | 0.17 (0.04,0.29) ** | 0.19 (0.09,0.29) *** | |
Spending Money (ref = $0) | $1–$20 | −0.05 (−0.17,0.07) | 0 (−0.13,0.13) | 0.35 (0.24,0.45) *** |
$21–$40 | −0.29 (−0.44,−0.14) *** | −0.2 (−0.36,−0.05) * | 0.58 (0.45,0.71) *** | |
$41–$100 | −0.16 (−0.31,−0.01) * | −0.19 (−0.34,−0.03) * | 0.66 (0.53,0.79) *** | |
More than $100 | −0.08 (−0.22,0.06) | −0.35 (−0.49,−0.2) *** | 0.87 (0.75,0.99) *** | |
Don’t Know | −0.22 (−0.36,−0.09) *** | −0.25 (−0.39,−0.11) *** | 0.37 (0.26,0.49) *** | |
Province (ref = AB) | BC | −0.11 (−0.48,0.26) | NI | −0.56 (−0.91,−0.21) ** |
ON | −0.07 (−0.38,0.24) | NI | −0.29 (−0.59,0.01) | |
QC | −0.61 (−0.93,−0.29) *** | NI | 0.21 (−0.1,0.52) | |
Urbanicity (ref = Large Urban) | Medium Urban | −0.02 (−0.26,0.22) | −0.23 (−0.47,0.02) | NI |
Small Urban/Rural | −0.29 (−0.44,−0.14) *** | −0.26 (−0.41,−0.1) ** | NI | |
School Size (‘00s) | NI | NI | 0.03 (0.01,0.05) ** | |
Weight Perception (ref = Underweight) | About the right weight | −0.57 (−0.68,−0.46) *** | −0.6 (−0.72,−0.49) *** | 0.37 (0.27,0.46) *** |
Overweight/Obese | 0.23 (0.09,0.36) ** | 0.34 (0.2,0.48) *** | −0.6 (−0.71,−0.48) *** | |
BMI Classification (ref = Underweight) | Normal Weight | −0.02 (−0.31,0.26) | 0.13 (−0.17,0.42) | −0.22 (−0.46,0.02) |
Overweight | −0.29 (−0.6,0.01) | −0.05 (−0.37,0.27) | 0.08 (−0.18,0.35) | |
Obese | −0.17 (−0.5,0.17) | 0.09 (−0.26,0.43) | 0.09 (−0.19,0.38) | |
Not Stated | −0.13 (−0.42,0.16) | 0.03 (−0.28,0.33) | −0.39 (−0.64,−0.15) ** | |
Eat Breakfast Daily | −0.57 (−0.65,−0.48) *** | −0.77 (−0.86,−0.69) *** | 0.31 (0.24,0.38) *** | |
Servings of Fruits and Vegetables | 0.06 (0.04,0.08) *** | 0.04 (0.01,0.06) *** | 0.14 (0.12,0.15) *** | |
Average Daily Physical Activity (h) | 0.05 (0.01,0.08) * | NI | 0.43 (0.4,0.47) *** | |
Screen Time (h) | 0.1 (0.09,0.12) *** | 0.11 (0.1,0.13) *** | −0.07 (−0.08,−0.06) *** | |
Sleep Time (h) | −0.43 (−0.47,−0.4) *** | −0.6 (−0.64,−0.56) *** | 0.31 (0.28,0.34) *** | |
Tobacco Use | 0.2 (0.02,0.39) * | 0.46 (0.27,0.65) *** | −0.12 (−0.27,0.03) | |
E-cigarette Use | 0.2 (0.1,0.3) *** | 0.39 (0.29,0.5) *** | NI | |
Binge Drinking | NI | NI | 0.25 (0.15,0.35) *** | |
Cannabis Use | 0.15 (0,0.29) * | 0.16 (0.01,0.31) * | NI | |
Was Bullied | 1.92 (1.79,2.05) *** | 2.05 (1.93,2.18) *** | −0.47 (−0.58,−0.36) *** | |
Bullied Others | 0.19 (0.01,0.37) * | NI | −0.56 (−0.71,−0.4) *** | |
Expect to Attend Post-Secondary Education | 0.41 (0.32,0.51) *** | −0.18 (−0.28,−0.08) *** | 0.63 (0.55,0.71) *** | |
Classes Skipped in Past 4 Weeks (ref = 0 classes) | 1 or 2 classes | 0.26 (0.16,0.36) *** | 0.36 (0.25,0.46) *** | −0.09 (−0.18,−0.01) * |
3 to 5 classes | 0.48 (0.34,0.63) *** | 0.6 (0.44,0.75) *** | −0.18 (−0.3,−0.05) ** | |
6 or more classes | 0.72 (0.54,0.91) *** | 0.95 (0.76,1.14) *** | −0.24 (−0.4,−0.09) ** | |
School Connectedness Score | −0.32 (−0.33,−0.3) *** | −0.45 (−0.46,−0.43) *** | 0.68 (0.67,0.69) *** | |
Happy Home Life | −1.96 (−2.07,−1.85) *** | −2.75 (−2.86,−2.64) *** | 2.59 (2.5,2.68) *** | |
Talk about Problems with Family | −0.84 (−0.92,−0.75) *** | −1.31 (−1.4,−1.22) *** | 1.49 (1.41,1.56) *** | |
Talk about Problems with Friends | −0.6 (−0.69,−0.51) *** | −0.85 (−0.95,−0.76) *** | 1.63 (1.55,1.71) *** |
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Battista, K.; Patte, K.A.; Diao, L.; Dubin, J.A.; Leatherdale, S.T. Using Decision Trees to Examine Environmental and Behavioural Factors Associated with Youth Anxiety, Depression, and Flourishing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710873
Battista K, Patte KA, Diao L, Dubin JA, Leatherdale ST. Using Decision Trees to Examine Environmental and Behavioural Factors Associated with Youth Anxiety, Depression, and Flourishing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710873
Chicago/Turabian StyleBattista, Katelyn, Karen A. Patte, Liqun Diao, Joel A. Dubin, and Scott T. Leatherdale. 2022. "Using Decision Trees to Examine Environmental and Behavioural Factors Associated with Youth Anxiety, Depression, and Flourishing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710873