Changes in Physical Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in German Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Physical Fitness
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Sample Description
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary and Evaluation of the Results
4.2. Explanation Approaches
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Test Item | Cohort | Mean Value (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Overall | ||
20 m | 2012 | 4.03 (3.94–4.11) | 4.33 (4.19–4.48) | 4.16 (4.08–4.24) |
2013 | 4.15 (4.07–4.24) | 4.35 (4.22–4.47) | 4.23 (4.15–4.30) | |
2014 | 3.91 (3.83–4.00) | 3.94 (3.85–4.02) | 3.92 (3.86–3.98) | |
2015 | 3.83 (3.71–3.96) | 3.89 (3.75–4.04) | 3.86 (3.77–4.00) | |
2016 | 3.99 (3.88–4.10) | 4.10 (3.94–4.26) | 4.02 (3.93–4.12) | |
2017 | 3.85 (3.75–3.94) | 4.00 (3.90–4.09) | 3.91 (3.85–3.98) | |
2018 | 4.34 (4.26–4.41) | 4.54 (4.43–4.65) | 4.42 (4.36–4.49) | |
2019 | 4.43 (4.30–4.57) | 4.62 (4.47–4.76) | 4.52 (4.42–4.62) | |
2020 | 4.34 (4.21–4.47) | 4.41 (4.30–4.52) | 4.38 (4.29–4.46) | |
2021 | 4.38 (4.20–4.55) | 4.43 (4.22–4.63) | 4.40 (4.27–4.53) | |
BalBw | 2012 | 39.74 (37.60–41.87) | 36.86 (33.85–39.88) | 38.49 (36.71–40.26) |
2013 | 39.80 (37.80–41.81) | 38.64 (36.10–41.18) | 39.35 (37.80–40.90) | |
2014 | 36.39 (33.96–38.82) | 39.14 (36.56–41.72) | 37.61 (35.85–39.37) | |
2015 | 35.23 (32.16–38.30) | 35.61 (31.99–39.22) | 35.39 (33.11–37.67) | |
2016 | 39.27 (37.38–41.16) | 39.91 (37.78–42.04) | 39.50 (38.09–40.91) | |
2017 | 35.73 (33.68–37.78) | 36.79 (34.33–39.24) | 36.18 (34.63–37.73) | |
2018 | 36.61 (34.71–38.51) | 36.98 (35.15–38.81) | 36.77 (35.45–38.09) | |
2019 | 33.43 (31.04–35.82) | 36.41 (34.42–38.39) | 34.87 (33.30–36.43) | |
2020 | 35.33 (32.42–38.24) | 38.56 (36.08–41.05) | 37.11 (35.23–39.00) | |
2021 | 37.90 (35.88–39.93) | 40.72 (38.51–42.94) | 39.34 (37.84–40.84) | |
JumpSw | 2012 | 30.48 (28.64–32.32) | 29.90 (27.50–32.30) | 30.23 (28.78–31.68) |
2013 | 31.62 (29.37–33.86) | 31.45 (28.96–33.94) | 31.55 (29.90–33.20) | |
2014 | 31.35 (29.41–33.29) | 34.01 (32.04–35.98) | 32.53 (31.14–33.92) | |
2015 | 32.78 (30.20–35.37) | 32.09 (28.49–35.69) | 32.49 (30.42–34.56) | |
2016 | 33.95 (32.14–35.76) | 31.80 (29.77–33.84) | 33.18 (31.81–34.55) | |
2017 | 29.84 (27.98–31.71) | 29.67 (27.64–31.70) | 29.77 (28.42–31.13) | |
2018 | 35.29 (33.59–36.98) | 33.17 (31.23–35.10) | 34.38 (33.11–35.53) | |
2019 | 31.33 (29.70–32.97) | 31.77 (29.90–33.64) | 31.54 (30.32–32.76) | |
2020 | 36.68 (34.03–39.34) | 35.83 (33.53–38.14) | 36.23 (34.51–37.94) | |
2021 | 33.77 (31.86–35.68) | 32.56 (30.59–34.54) | 33.15 (31.79–34.51) | |
St&R | 2012 | 4.48 (3.34–5.62) | 5.54 (4.32–6.76) | 4.94 (4.11–5.77) |
2013 | 4.84 (3.49–6.20) | 6.40 (4.85–7.95) | 5.45 (4.43–6.47) | |
2014 | 2.70 (1.05–4.35) | 5.20 (3.39–7.02) | 3.81 (2.58–5.03) | |
2015 | −0.02 (−2.73–2.69) | 4.94 (2.41–7.47) | 2.01 (0.06–3.96) | |
2016 | −0.21 (−1.89–1.48) | 2.97 (0.82–5.12) | 0.90 (−0.44–2.24) | |
2017 | −1.60 (−3.59–0.39) | 2.09 (−0.22–4.40) | 0.07 (−1.46–1.60) | |
2018 | −2.43 (−3.84–−1.02) | 1.74 (−0.16–3.63) | −0.62 (−1.81–0.57) | |
2019 | −1.13 (−2.82–0.56) | 2.17 (0.55–3.79) | 0.47 (−0.73–1.66) | |
2020 | 2.57 (0.17–4.97) | 3.82 (2.08–5.57) | 3.25 (1.82–4.68) | |
2021 | −0.99 (−3.06–1.08) | 3.54 (2.04–5.04) | 1.32 (−0.01–2.64) | |
PU | 2012 | 13.61 (12.63–14.60) | 13.14 (12.13–14.15) | 13.41 (12.71–14.10) |
2013 | 13.18 (12.39–13.98) | 12.54 (11.55–13.53) | 12.93 (12.32–13.54) | |
2014 | 14.96 (13.37–16.56) | 16.09 (14.56–17.63) | 15.46 (14.36–16.57) | |
2015 | 13.85 (12.68–15.01) | 13.71 (12.21–15.21) | 13.79 (12.89–14.69) | |
2016 | 14.19 (13.43–14.94) | 12.85 (11.92–13.77) | 13.71 (13.11–14.30) | |
2017 | 13.47 12.50–14.45) | 13.14 (11.93–14.34) | 13.33 (12.58–14.07) | |
2018 | 14.94 (14.40–15.48) | 14.67 (14.07–15.27) | 14.82(14.42–15.22) | |
2019 | 17.65 (16.93–18.37) | 17.45 (16.73–18.17) | 17.55 (17.05–18.06) | |
2020 | 15.98 (14.75–17.20) | 17.49 (16.48–18.50) | 16.78 (16.00–17.57) | |
2021 | 14.88 (13.77–16.00) | 15.96 (14.99–16.93) | 15.44 (14.71–16.17) | |
SU | 2012 | 15.88 (14.75–17.00) | 14.70 (13.34–16.06) | 15.36 (14.50–16.23) |
2013 | 19.32 (17.76–20.87) | 16.84 (15.41–18.27) | 18.36 (17.24–19.47) | |
2014 | 16.87 (15.29–18.44) | 17.90 (16.06–19.75) | 17.32 (16.14–18.50) | |
2015 | 17.54 (15.41–19.67) | 17.26 (14.73–19.78) | 17.42 (15.84–19.01) | |
2016 | 19.09 (17.60–20.57) | 16.65 (14.61–18.68) | 18.23 (17.03–19.43) | |
2017 | 17.25 (16.01–18.49) | 14.55 (13.29–15.81) | 16.09 (15.18–17.01) | |
2018 | 18.11 (16.79–19.43) | 15.78 (14.19–17.36) | 17.10 (16.08–18.12) | |
2019 | 20.32 (18.76–21.88) | 18.59 (17.22–19.97) | 19.48 (18.44–20.52) | |
2020 | 20.00 (18.08–21.92) | 18.60 (17.18–20.01) | 19.25 (18.09–20.41) | |
2021 | 19.71 (18.02–21.40) | 17.70 (16.03–19.37) | 18.69 (17.51–19.87) | |
SLJ | 2012 | 139.54 (134.95–144.13) | 120.59 (114.53–126.65) | 131.29 (127.21–135.37) |
2013 | 132.90 (127.89–137.92) | 124.92 (118.14–131.71) | 129.79 (125.74–133.84) | |
2014 | 133.58 (128.50–138.67) | 134.84 (128.92–140.76) | 134.13 (130.34–137.92) | |
2015 | 133.90 (129.10–138.70) | 125.00 (116.76–133.24) | 130.26 (125.85–134.66) | |
2016 | 129.37 (124.65–134.09) | 117.67 (110.92–124.42) | 125.17 (121.20–129.15) | |
2017 | 138.72 (133.39–144.05) | 120.53 (115.73–125.32) | 131.22 (127.15–135.29) | |
2018 | 131.91 (129.87–136.94) | 121.63 (116.18–127.07) | 127.50 (123.73–131.27) | |
2019 | 134.44 (129.30–139.59) | 125.14 (119.90–130.37) | 129.98 (126.27–133.70) | |
2020 | 139.41 (133.13–145.70) | 133.04 (127.39–138.70) | 135.98 (131.80–140.15) | |
2021 | 132.75 (126.53–138.97) | 126.57 (121.29–131.86) | 129.60 (125.56–133.65) | |
6 min | 2012 | 1056.79 (1019.57–1094.01) | 903.60 (859.31–947.90) | 990.92 (959.09–1022.75) |
2013 | 1044.85 (1010.55–1079.14) | 948.78 (907.96–989.61) | 1007.82 (980.29–1035.35) | |
2014 | 1016.37 (975.45–1057.28) | 936.19 (893.23–979.15) | 980.54 (950.28–1010.80) | |
2015 | 996.31 (953.16–1039.46) | 974.18 (936.37–1011.99) | 987.06 (957.98–1016.14) | |
2016 | 1026.43 (988.75–1064.10) | 919.73 (876.69–962.76) | 988.97 (958.83–1019.11) | |
2017 | 1032.39 (996.43–1068.34) | 950.41 (905.34–995.49) | 997.01 (968.11–1025.91) | |
2018 | 1022.42 (990.24–1054.60) | 931.18 (900.59–961.77) | 983.82 (959.87–1007.77) | |
2019 | 1103.38 (1052.19–1154.57) | 955.44 (920.26–990.62) | 1031.84 (998.10–1065.57) | |
2020 | 1045.39 (996.26–1094.52) | 963.89 (918.40–1009.38) | 1001.86 (968.03–1035.70) | |
2021 | 1004.31 (956.22–1052.41) | 939.65 (904.93–974.37) | 969.65 (940.40–998.90) |
Test Item | PreCOVID Mean Value (95% CI) | COVID1 Mean Value (95% CI) | Pairwise Comparisons Δ Mean Value (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
20 m | 4.16 (4.13–4.19) | 4.36 (4.27–4.46) | Δ +0.20 (0.05) p < 0.001 |
BalBw | 37.26 (36.68–37.84) | 37.04 (35.28–38.80) | Δ −0.22 (0.95) p = 0.813 |
JumpSw | 31.95 (31.43–32.47) | 36.27 (34.72–37.81) | Δ +4.32 (0.83) p < 0.001 |
St&R | 2.09 (1.63–2.55) | 2.98 (1.61–4.34) | Δ +0.88 (0.74) p = 0.230 |
PU | 14.49 (14.23–14.76) | 16.78 (15.98–17.58) | Δ +2.29 (0.43) p < 0.001 |
SU | 17.45 (17.06–17.84) | 19.40 (18.25–20.56) | Δ +1.95 (0.62) p = 0.002 |
SLJ | 129.80 (128.43–131.14) | 137.02 (132.99–141.06) | Δ +7.24 (2.17) p = 0.001 |
6 min | 996.33 (986.26–1006.40) | 1011.64 (981.75–1041.53) | Δ +15.31 (16.08) p = 0.341 |
Test Item | PreCOVID Mean Value (95% CI) | COVID2 Mean Value (95% CI) | Pairwise Comparisons Δ Mean Value (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
20 m | 4.19 (4.13–4.19) | 4.39 (4.29–4.49) | Δ +0.23 (0.05) p < 0.001 |
BalBw | 37.26 (36.69–37.83) | 39.29 (37.72–40.86) | Δ +2.03 (0.85) p = 0.017 |
JumpSw | 31.95 (31.44–32.46) | 33.19 (31.80–34.57) | Δ +1.24 (0.75) p = 0.100 |
St&R | 2.09 (1.64–2.55) | 1.10 (−0.15–2.34) | Δ −1.00 (0.68) p = 0.142 |
PU | 14.49 (14.23–14.76) | 15.44 (14.71–16.17) | Δ +0.94 (0.40) p = 0.017 |
SU | 17.45 (17.06–17.84) | 18.81 (17.74–19.88) | Δ +1.36 (0.58) p = 0.019 |
SLJ | 129.80 (128.44–131.17) | 130.36 (126.64–134.08) | Δ +0.56 (2.02) p = 0.782 |
6 min | 996.23 (986.25–1006.22) | 979.29 (951.07–1007.51) | Δ −16.94 (15.26) p = 0.267 |
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Dimension | Test Item | Unit |
---|---|---|
Endurance | 6 min Run | Meter |
Strength | Standing Long Jump | Centimeters |
Sit-Ups | Number in 40 s | |
Push-Ups | Number in 40 s | |
Speed | 20 m Dash | Seconds |
Coordination | Balancing Backwards | Number of steps |
Jumping Sideways | Number of jumps in 15 s | |
Flexibility | Stand and Reach | Centimeters |
Cohort | Year of Measurement | Boys (n) | Girls (n) | Overall (n) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012–2019 PreCOVID | 2012 | 57 | n = 460 (57.4%) | 44 | n = 341 (42.6%) | 101 | n = 801 (100%) |
2013 | 62 | 39 | 101 | ||||
2014 | 56 | 43 | 99 | ||||
2015 | 39 | 28 | 67 | ||||
2016 | 61 | 33 | 94 | ||||
2017 | 57 | 45 | 102 | ||||
2018 | 64 | 49 | 113 | ||||
2019 | 64 | 60 | 124 | ||||
2020 COVID1 | 2020 | 43 | n = 43 (47.3%) | 48 | n = 48 (52.7%) | 91 | n = 91 (100%) |
2021 COVID2 | 2021 | 52 | n = 52 (48.6%) | 55 | n = 55 (51.4%) | 107 | n = 107 (100%) |
Overall | 555 (55.6%) | 444 (44.4%) | n = 999 (100%) |
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Eberhardt, T.; Bös, K.; Niessner, C. Changes in Physical Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in German Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159504
Eberhardt T, Bös K, Niessner C. Changes in Physical Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in German Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159504
Chicago/Turabian StyleEberhardt, Tanja, Klaus Bös, and Claudia Niessner. 2022. "Changes in Physical Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in German Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159504