Evaluation of Residents’ Timing of Return to or New Settlement in Kawauchi Village, at 10 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants | 374 | 170 | 84 | 99 | 21 | |
Sex | ||||||
Male (%) | 54.5 | 55.3 | 50 | 59.6 | 42.9 | 0.4 |
Age (years) | <0.01 | |||||
<50 (%) | 9.8 | 4.1 | 8.3 | 20.1 | 14.3 | |
50s (%) | 11 | 10 | 4.8 | 18.2 | 9.5 | |
60s (%) | 32.1 | 40 | 23.8 | 25.3 | 33.4 | |
≥70 (%) | 47.1 | 45.9 | 63.1 | 36.4 | 42.8 | |
Place of residence at the time of the FDNPS accident | ||||||
Kawauchi (%) | 83.2 | 95.9 | 85.7 | 58.6 | 85.7 | <0.01 |
Place of birth | ||||||
Kawauchi (%) | 67.9 | 73.5 | 78.6 | 55.6 | 38.1 | <0.01 |
Cohabitation with children | ||||||
Yes (%) | 64.2 | 62.9 | 66.7 | 68.7 | 42.9 | 0.06 |
Are you satisfied with your current life? | <0.01 | |||||
Satisfied (%) | 23 | 35.3 | 15.5 | 9.1 | 19 | |
Slightly satisfied (%) | 40.4 | 38.8 | 50 | 32.3 | 52.4 | |
Slightly unsatisfied (%) | 24.6 | 20.6 | 20.2 | 38.4 | 9.5 | |
Unsatisfied (%) | 12 | 5.3 | 14.3 | 20.2 | 19 | |
Do you feel that you belong to the Kawauchi village community? | <0.01 | |||||
Yes (%) | 35.2 | 45.3 | 39.3 | 20.2 | 9.5 | |
Probably (%) | 38 | 35.9 | 39.3 | 44.4 | 19 | |
Probably not (%) | 19.8 | 14.1 | 19 | 26.3 | 38.1 | |
No (%) | 7 | 4.7 | 2.4 | 9.1 | 33 | |
Do you feel Kawauchi has been adequately reconstructed? | 0.46 | |||||
Yes (%) | 9.4 | 10.6 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 9.5 | |
Probably (%) | 33.2 | 36.5 | 35.7 | 25.3 | 33.3 | |
Probably not (%) | 39 | 36.5 | 42.9 | 40.4 | 38.1 | |
No (%) | 18.4 | 16.5 | 13.1 | 26.3 | 19 | |
Do you have concerns about consuming wild plants growing in Kawauchi? | ||||||
Yes, I have concern (%) | 58.6 | 59.4 | 61.9 | 53.5 | 61.9 | 0.67 |
Do you think there may be a risk of health effects due to radiation exposure? | ||||||
Yes (%) | 12.3 | 11.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 14.3 | |
Likely (%) | 25.7 | 21.2 | 29.8 | 27.3 | 38.1 | 0.08 |
Unlikely (%) | 40.9 | 40 | 47.6 | 40.4 | 23.8 | |
No (%) | 21.1 | 27.6 | 9.5 | 19.2 | 23.8 | |
Do you believe there is a risk of genetic effects from living in Kawauchi? | <0.01 | |||||
Yes (%) | 18.4 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 23.2 | 23.8 | |
Likely (%) | 27.8 | 21.8 | 34.5 | 32.3 | 28.6 | |
Unlikely (%) | 38 | 40.6 | 45.2 | 28.3 | 33.3 | |
No (%) | 15.8 | 21.8 | 3.6 | 16.2 | 14.3 | |
Post-traumatic symptoms (+) | ||||||
PCL–S score ≥12 (%) | 14.2 | 11.8 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 14.3 | 0.65 |
Coping well with stress | ||||||
SOC score >59 (%) | 46 | 53.5 | 48.8 | 30.3 | 47.6 | <0.01 |
Group 3 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time of return | >5 years | <2 years | 2–5 years | Not yet returned |
OR (reference) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) |
Age in 2021 | ||||
<60 years | 1 | 3.9 ** (2.1–7.0) | 4.5 ** (2.1–9.9) | 1.7 (0.6–5.2) |
Place of residence at the time of the FDNPS accident | ||||
Kawauchi | 1 | 16.2 ** (6.9–38.0) | 4.2 ** (2.0–8.7) | 3.8 * (1.0–13.7) |
Birthplace | ||||
Kawauchi | 1 | 2.2 ** (1.3–3.7) | 2.9 ** (1.5–5.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) |
Cohabitation with children | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 3.1 * (1.1–8.5) |
Satisfaction with current life | ||||
Yes | 1 | 4.0 ** (2.3–6.7) | 2.6 ** (1.4–4.8) | 3.1 * (1.1–8.7) |
Sense of belonging in Kawauchi | ||||
Yes | 1 | 2.3 ** (1.3–4.1) | 2.0 * (1.0–3.8) | 0.3 ** (0.1–0.7) |
Kawauchi has been adequately reconstructed | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1.8 ** (1.1–3.0) | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 1.2 (0.2–3.2) |
Concern about consuming wild plants growing in Kawauchi | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.5 (0.5–4.1) |
Concern about health effects due to radiation exposure | ||||
Yes | 1 | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 2.0 (0.8–5.5) |
Risk perception of genetic effects | ||||
Yes | 1 | 0.4 ** (0.3–0.8) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) |
Post-traumatic symptoms (+) | ||||
PCL–S score ≥12 | 1 | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) |
Coping well with stress | ||||
SOC score >59 | 1 | 2.7 ** (1.6–4.5) | 2.2 ** (1.2–4.0) | 2.0 (0.8–5.5) |
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Matsunaga, H.; Orita, M.; Liu, M.; Kashiwazaki, Y.; Taira, Y.; Takamura, N. Evaluation of Residents’ Timing of Return to or New Settlement in Kawauchi Village, at 10 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010543
Matsunaga H, Orita M, Liu M, Kashiwazaki Y, Taira Y, Takamura N. Evaluation of Residents’ Timing of Return to or New Settlement in Kawauchi Village, at 10 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010543
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatsunaga, Hitomi, Makiko Orita, Mengjie Liu, Yuya Kashiwazaki, Yasuyuki Taira, and Noboru Takamura. 2022. "Evaluation of Residents’ Timing of Return to or New Settlement in Kawauchi Village, at 10 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010543