1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Cancer Today. Data Visualization Tools for Exploring the Global Cancer Burden in 2020. Available online: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home (accessed on 24 November 2021).
- Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research; Current intelligence bulletin 62; CDC: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2011. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-159/pdfs/2011-159.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Robinson, B.W.; Musk, A.W.; Lake, R.A. Malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 2005, 366, 397–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinaccio, A.; Binazzi, A.; Cauzillo, G.; Cavone, D.; De Zotti, R.; Ferrante, P.; Gennaro, V.; Gorini, G.; Menegozzo, M.; Mensi, C.; et al. Analysis of latency time and its determinants in asbestos related malignant mesothelioma cases of the Italian register. Eur. J. Cancer 2007, 43, 2722–2728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinaccio, A.; Binazzi, A.; Di Marzio, D.; Scarselli, A.; Verardo, M.; Mirabelli, D.; Gennaro, V.; Mensi, C.; Riboldi, L.; Merler, E.; et al. Pleural malignant mesothelioma epidemic. Incidence, modalities of asbestos exposure and occupations involved from the Italian national register. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 130, 2146–2154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Law 27 March 1992, N. 257 “Norme Relative Alla Cessazione dell’impiego dell’amianto”. Official Journal N. 87 (13 April 1992), Suppl. N. 64. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1992/04/13/092G0295/sg (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Legislative Decree 9 April 2008, N. 81 “Attuazione Dell’articolo 1 Della Legge 3 Agosto 2007, n. 123, in Materia di Tutela Della Salute e Della Sicurezza nei Luoghi di Lavoro”. Official Journal N.101 (30 April 2008), Suppl. N. 108. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2008/04/30/008G0104/sg (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Miscetti, G.; Bodo, P.; Garofani, P.; Abbritti, E.P.; Lumare, A. Livelli di esposizione a fibre regolamentate in cantieri di bonifica di materiali contenenti amianto in matrice compatta e friabile [Levels of exposure to respirable fibres at worksites for abatement of compact and friable asbestos]. Med. Lav. 2014, 105, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lange, J.H.; Sites, S.L.; Mastrangelo, G.; Thomulka, K.W. Exposure to airborne asbestos during abatement of ceiling material, window caulking, floor tile and roofing material. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 80, 10–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamura, A.; Funakoshi, M.; J-P, N.A.; Hasegawa, K.; Ishimine, A.; Koike, A.; Tannai, N.; Fujii, M.; Hattori, M.; Hirano, H.; et al. Potential asbestos exposure among patients with primary lung cancer in Japan. J. Occup. Health 2018, 60, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Consonni, D.; De Matteis, S.; Pesatori, A.C.; Bertazzi, P.A.; Olsson, A.C.; Kromhout, H.; Peters, S.; Vermeulen, R.C.; Pesch, B.; Brüning, T.; et al. Lung cancer risk among bricklayers in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, 360–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welch, L.; Dement, J.; West, G. Mortality among sheet metal workers participating in a respiratory screening program. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2015, 58, 378–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vimercati, L.; Cavone, D.; Caputi, A.; Delfino, M.C.; De Maria, L.; Ferri, G.M.; Serio, G. Malignant mesothelioma in construction workers: The Apulia regional mesothelioma register, Southern Italy. BMC Res. Notes 2019, 12, 636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koskinen, K.; Pukkala, E.; Martikainen, R.; Reijula, K.; Karjalainen, A. Different measures of asbestos exposure in estimating risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma among construction workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002, 44, 1190–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Järvholm, B.; Englund, A. The impact of asbestos exposure in Swedish construction workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2014, 57, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frost, G.; Harding, A.H.; Darnton, A.; McElvenny, D.; Morgan, D. Occupational exposure to asbestos and mortality among asbestos removal workers: A Poisson regression analysis. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99, 822–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Merler, E.; Bressan, V.; Somigliana, A.; Gruppo Regionale Veneto Sui Mesoteliomi Maligni. Mesoteliomi negli edili: Frequenza, stima del rischio, carico polmonare di fibre di amianto, domande e riconoscimenti per malattia professionale nel Registro regionale veneto dei casi di mesotelioma [Mesothelioma in construction workers: Risk estimate, lung content of asbestos fibres, claims for compensation for occupational disease in the Veneto Region mesothelioma register]. Med. Lav. 2009, 100, 120–132. (In Italian) [Google Scholar]
- Mazurek, J.M.; Syamlal, G.; Wood, J.M.; Hendricks, S.A.; Weston, A. Malignant mesothelioma mortality—United States, 1999–2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2017, 66, 214–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stocks, S.J.; Turner, S.; McNamee, R.; Carder, M.; Hussey, L.; Agius, R.M. Occupation and work-related ill-health in UK construction workers. Occup. Med. 2011, 61, 407–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Wang, E.; Dement, J.M.; Lipscomb, H. Mortality among North Carolina construction workers, 1988-1994. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1999, 14, 45–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsen, N.J.; Franklin, P.J.; Reid, A.; de Klerk, N.H.; Threlfall, T.J.; Shilkin, K.; Musk, B. Increasing incidence of malignant mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos during home maintenance and renovation. Med. J. Aust. 2011, 195, 271–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Directive 2003/18/EC of The European Parliament and of the Council of 27 March 2003 amending Council Directive 83/477/EEC on the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Asbestos at Work. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:097:0048:0052:EN:PDF (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Directive 2009/148/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Asbestos at Work (Codified Version). Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:330:0028:0036:EN:PDF (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Scarselli, A.; Corfiati, M.; Di Marzio, D. Occupational exposure in the removal and disposal of asbestos-containing materials in Italy. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2016, 89, 857–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nesti, M.; Adamoli, S.; Ammirabile, F.; Ascoli, V.; Barbieri, P.G.; Cacciarini, V.; Candela, S.; Cavone, D.; Cuzillo, G.; Chellini, E.; et al. (Eds.) Linee Guida per la Rilevazione e la Definizione dei Casi di Mesothelioma Maligno e la Trasmissione Delle Informazioni All’ISPESL da Parte dei Centri Operativi Regionali. Roma ISPESL. 2003. Available online: https://www.inail.it/cs/internet/docs/all-linee-guida-renam.pdf?section=attivita (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Classification ATECO (Classification of Economic Activity). Available online: https://www.istat.it/it/files//2011/03/raccordoateco02_91.pdf (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Statistiche del Commercio Con L’estero e Statistiche Della Produzione Industriale: Vari Anni. Available online: https://www.ice.it/it/sites/default/files/inline-files/Rapporto%20Ice%20-%202002.pdf (accessed on 30 November 2021). (In Italian)
- Marinaccio, A.; Montanaro, F.; Mastrantonio, M.; Uccelli, R.; Altavista, P.; Nesti, M.; Costantini, A.S.; Gorini, G. Predictions of mortality from pleural mesothelioma in Italy: A model based on asbestos consumption figures supports results from age-period-cohort models. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 115, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jung, S.H.; Kim, H.R.; Koh, S.B.; Yong, S.J.; Chung, M.J.; Lee, C.H.; Han, J.; Eom, M.S.; Oh, S.S. A decade of malignant mesothelioma surveillance in Korea. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2012, 55, 869–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burdorf, A.; Dahhan, M.; Swuste, P. Occupational characteristics of cases with asbestos-related diseases in The Netherlands. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2003, 47, 485–492. [Google Scholar] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Neumann, V.; Günther, S.; Müller, K.M.; Fischer, M. Malignant mesothelioma— German mesothelioma register 1987–1999. Int. Arch. Ouccup. Environ. Health 2001, 74, 383–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ringen, K.; Dement, J.; Welch, L.; Bingham, E.; Quinn, P.; Chen, A.; Haas, S. Mortality of older construction and craft workers employed at department of energy (DOE) nuclear sites: Follow-up through 2011. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2015, 58, 152–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engholm, G.; Englund, A. Asbestos hazard in the Swedish construction industry--recent trends in mesothelioma incidence. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2005, 31 (Suppl. 2), 27–30. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Scarselli, A.; Marinaccio, A.; Corfiati, M.; Di Marzio, D.; Iavicoli, S. Occupational asbestos exposure after the ban: A job exposure matrix developed in Italy. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 30, 936–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, X. Long work hours, work scheduling and work-related injuries among construction workers in the United States. Scand. J. Environ. Health 2005, 31, 329–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Meng, Q.; Liu, W.; Li, Z.; Hu, X. Influencing factors, mechanism and prevention of construction workers’ unsafe behaviors: A systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ye, G.; Yue, H.; Yang, J.; Li, H.; Xiang, Q.; Fu, Y.; Cui, C. Understanding the Sociocognitive Process of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviors: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Martins, C.; Santos, P.; Palhinha, P.; Serra e Silva, L. Safety and Health in Construction: Asbestos; Arezes, P., Baptista, J., Barroso, M., Carneiro, P., Cordeiro, P., Costa, N., Miguel, A.S., Perestrelo, G., Eds.; Portuguese Society of Occupational Safety and Hygiene (SPOSHO): Guimarães, Portugal, 2012; pp. 357–364. [Google Scholar]
- Bonafede, M.; Ghelli, M.; Corfiati, M.; Rosa, V.; Guglielmucci, F.; Granieri, A.; Branchi, C.; Iavicoli, S.; Marinaccio, A. The psychological distress and care needs of mesothelioma patients and asbestos-exposed subjects: A systematic review of published studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2018, 61, 400–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granieri, A. Community exposure to asbestos in Casale Monferrato: From research on psychological impact to a community needs-centered healthcare organization. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 2015, 51, 336–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Il Registro Nazionale dei Mesoteliomi (ReNaM). VI Rapporto. INAIL Press: Rome, Italy, 2015. Available online: https://www.inail.it/cs/internet/comunicazione/pubblicazioni/catalogo-generale/pubbl-registro-nazionale-mesoteliomi-6-rapporto.html (accessed on 30 November 2021).
- Ferrante, P.; Binazzi, A.; Branchi, C.; Marinaccio, A. I sistemi nazionali di sorveglianza dei casi di mesotelioma [National epidemiological surveillance systems of mesothelioma cases]. Epidemiol. Prev. 2016, 40, 336–343. [Google Scholar]
- Yeung, P.; Rogers, A.; Johnson, A. Distribution of mesothelioma cases in different occupational groups and industries in Australia, 1979–1995. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1999, 14, 759–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldberg, M.; Imbernon, E.; Rolland, P.; Gilg Soit Ilg, A.; Savès, M.; de Quillacq, A.; Frenay, C.; Chamming’s, S.; Arveux, P.; Boutin, C.; et al. The French National Mesothelioma Surveillance Program. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 63, 390–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Marinaccio, A.; Consonni, D.; Mensi, C.; Mirabelli, D.; Migliore, E.; Magnani, C.; Di Marzio, D.; Gennaro, V.; Mazzoleni, G.; Girardi, P.; et al. Association between asbestos exposure and pericardial and tunica vaginalis testis malignant mesothelioma: A case-control study and epidemiological remarks. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2020, 46, 609–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Marinaccio, A.; Scarselli, A.; Merler, E.; Iavicoli, S. Mesothelioma incidence surveillance systems and claims for workers’ compensation. Epidemiological evidence and prospects for an integrated framework. BMC Public Health 2012, 12, 314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Marinaccio, A.; Gariazzo, C.; Di Marzio, D.; Iavicoli, S.; ReNaM Working Group. Predictors of filing claims and receiving compensation in malignant mesothelioma patients. Health Policy 2020, 24, 1032–1040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Binazzi, A.; Scarselli, A.; Corfiati, M.; Di Marzio, D.; Branchi, C.; Verardo, M.; Mirabelli, D.; Gennaro, V.; Mensi, C.; Schallenberg, G.; et al. Sorveglianza epidemiologica dei mesoteliomi per la prevenzione dell’esposizione ad amianto anche in attività non tradizionalmente coinvolte [Epidemiologic surveillance of mesothelioma for the prevention of asbestos exposure also in non-traditional settings]. Epidemiol. Prev. 2013, 37, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]



All with Exposure Evaluation | % | Occupationally Exposed | % | Construction Workers | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Men | 18,256 | 73.4 | 14,959 | 87.0 | 3554 | 99.4 |
Women | 6608 | 26.6 | 2232 | 13.0 | 20 | 0.6 | |
Age-classes | ≤44 | 389 | 1.6 | 159 | 0.9 | 41 | 1.1 |
45–64 | 6295 | 25.3 | 4404 | 25.6 | 936 | 26.2 | |
65–84 | 16,575 | 66.7 | 11,666 | 67.9 | 2446 | 68.4 | |
85+ | 1605 | 6.5 | 962 | 5.6 | 151 | 4.2 | |
Incidence period | 1993–1998 | 2010 | 8.1 | 1420 | 8.3 | 224 | 6.3 |
1999–2003 | 4829 | 19.4 | 3348 | 19.5 | 651 | 18.2 | |
2004–2008 | 6034 | 24.3 | 4235 | 24.6 | 847 | 23.7 | |
2009–2013 | 6487 | 26.1 | 4428 | 25.8 | 952 | 26.6 | |
2014–2018 | 5504 | 22.1 | 3760 | 21.9 | 900 | 25.2 | |
Anatomical site | Pleura | 23,295 | 93.7 | 16,264 | 94.6 | 3413 | 95.5 |
Peritoneum | 1443 | 5.8 | 849 | 4.9 | 138 | 3.9 | |
Pericardium | 49 | 0.2 | 28 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.2 | |
Tunica vaginalis testis | 77 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.4 | |
Diagnostic certainty | Certain | 20,926 | 84.2 | 14,671 | 85.3 | 3116 | 87.2 |
Probable | 2050 | 8.2 | 1359 | 7.9 | 264 | 7.4 | |
Possible | 1888 | 7.6 | 1161 | 6.8 | 193 | 5.4 | |
Histopathological characteristics (cases with histologically confirmed diagnosis only) | Epithelioid | 14,489 | 69.2 | 9996 | 68.1 | 2101 | 67.4 |
Biphasic | 2683 | 12.8 | 1968 | 13.4 | 397 | 12.7 | |
Sarcomatoid | 1794 | 8.6 | 1358 | 9.3 | 303 | 9.7 | |
MM (NOS *) | 1960 | 9.4 | 1349 | 9.2 | 315 | 10.1 | |
Exposure modalities | Occupational | 17,191 | 69.1 | ||||
Familial | 1278 | 5.1 | |||||
Environmental | 1067 | 4.3 | |||||
Leisure-related | 373 | 1.5 | |||||
Unlikely | 4955 | 19.9 | |||||
Total | 24,864 | 17,191 | 3574 |
Construction Workers (n = 3574) | Other Occupationally Exposed Cases (n = 13,617) | |
---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis (mean, SD *) | 69.7 (±9.7) | 70.3 (±9.7) |
Age at first exposure (mean, SD *) | 20.9 (±9.5) | 22.5 (±7.9) |
Year of first exposure (median, I-III quartile) | 1959 (1952–1965) | 1960 (1952–1967) |
Duration of exposure (median, I-III quartile) | 31.0 (16.0–40.0) | 24.0 (10.0–35.0) |
Latency (median, I-III quartile) | 50.0 (42.0–57.0) | 49.0 (41.0–56.0) |
Code. | Description of Activity | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
45.00.0 | Construction | 983 | 40.1 |
45.21.0 | General construction of buildings and civil engineering work | 361 | 14.7 |
45.33.0 | Plumbing | 283 | 11.5 |
45.20.0 | Building of complete constructions or parts thereof; civil engineering | 251 | 10.2 |
45.31.0 | Installation of electrical wiring and fittings | 114 | 4.6 |
45.32.0 | Insulation work activities | 87 | 3.5 |
45.45.0 | Other building completion | 79 | 3.2 |
45.40.0 | Building completion | 45 | 1.8 |
45.22.0 | Erection of roof covering and frames | 36 | 1.5 |
45.23.0 | Construction of motorways, roads, airfields and sport facilities | 33 | 1.3 |
45.24.0 | Construction of water projects | 33 | 1.3 |
45.43.0 | Floor and wall covering | 27 | 1.1 |
45.25.0 | Other construction work involving special trades | 26 | 1.1 |
45.11.0 | Demolition and wrecking of buildings; earth moving | 23 | 0.9 |
45.41.0 | Plastering | 21 | 0.9 |
45.10.0 | Site preparation | 18 | 0.7 |
45.34.0 | Other building installation | 12 | 0.5 |
45.30.0 | Building installation | 8 | 0.3 |
45.44.0 | Painting and glazing | 8 | 0.3 |
45.12.0 | Test drilling and boring | 5 | 0.2 |
45.42.0 | Joinery installation | 1 | 0.0 |
Total | 2454 | 100.0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).