Evaluation of a Wearable Non-Invasive Thermometer for Monitoring Ear Canal Temperature during Physically Demanding (Outdoor) Work
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Cosinuss° °Temp
2.2.2. Ambient Conditions Box
2.2.3. Reference Ear Canal Infrared Thermometer
2.2.4. Mercury Thermometer
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In-Vitro Accuracy
3.2. In-Vivo Accuracy under Controlled Conditions
3.3. In Vivo Accuracy under Real-Life Conditions
3.4. Influences of Real-Life Working Conditions on Accuracy
3.5. Usability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Job Type | n | Mean TEC (°C) (raw) | Max TEC (°C) (raw) |
---|---|---|---|
All subjects | 49 | 34.88 ± 1.93 | 44.71 ± 2.32 |
Chemical cleaners | 9 | 34.70 ± 2.87 | 38.77 ± 3.32 |
Mechanics | 13 | 34.62 ± 1.51 | 37.25 ± 0.82 |
Firefighters | 14 | 35.97 ± 1.18 | 44.71 ± 2.15 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 13 | 34.13 ± 1.90 | 42.58 ± 2.18 |
Job Type | n | MD ± SD [95% CI] | p | ICC [95% CI] | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before performance of the job | |||||
Chemical cleaners | 9 | −1.67 ± 0.36 [−1.94;−1.39] | 0.000 | 0.19 [−0.02;0.64] | 0.001 |
Mechanics | 13 | −1.04 ± 0.73 [−1.48;−0.60] | 0.000 | 0.17 [−0.11;0.55] | 0.092 |
Firefighters | 14 | −1.64 ± 0.87 [−2.13;−1.13] | 0.000 | 0.08 [−0.08;0.36] | 0.167 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 13 | −1.65 ± 1.86 [−2.77;−0.52] | 0.008 | 0.09 [−0.21;0.50] | 0.309 |
After performance of the job | |||||
Chemical cleaners | 7 | −1.46 ± 0.59 [−2.00;−0.92] | 0.001 | 0.21 [−0.07;0.71] | 0.039 |
Mechanics | 13 | −1.37 ± 0.94 [−1.94;−0.80] | 0.000 | 0.18 [−0.11;0.57] | 0.077 |
Firefighters | 13 | −1.21 ± 1.05 [−1.85;−0.57] | 0.001 | 0.25 [−0.13;0.64] | 0.066 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 10 | −1.92 ± 2.02 [−3.37;−0.47] | 0.015 | 0.01 [−0.26;0.46] | 0.487 |
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MD ± SD [95% CI] | p | ICC [95% CI] | p | LoA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cosinuss° | −0.4 ± 0.2 [−0.6;−0.3] | <0.001 | 0.97 [0.13;1.00] | <0.001 | ±0.37 |
Ear canal IR | −0.2 ± 0.1 [−0.3;−0.1] | <0.001 | 0.99 [0.87;1.007] | <0.001 | ±0.24 |
MD ± SD [95% CI] | p | ICC [95% CI] | p | LoA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw | 1.4 ± 0.5 [1.1;1.7] | <0.001 | 0.07 [−0.05;0.31] | 0.083 | ±1.05 |
With correction factor | 0.0 ± 0.4 [−0.2;0.2] | 0.729 | 0.72 [0.33;0.90] | 0.001 | ±0.72 |
Working | MD ± SD [95% CI] | p | ICC [95% CI] | p | LoA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw | |||||
Before working (n = 49) | 1.5 ± 1.2 [1.1;1.8] | <0.001 | 0.13 [−0.08;0.37] | 0.021 | ±2.23 |
After working (n = 43) | 1.5 ± 1.2 [1.1;1.8] | <0.001 | 0.25 [−0.09;0.54] | 0.002 | ±2.44 |
Corrected per subject | |||||
Before working (n = 49) | −0.2 ± 0.2 [−0.3;−0.2] | <0.001 | 0.77 [0.19;0.91] | <0.001 | ±0.43 |
After working (n = 43) | −0.2 ± 1.0 [−0.5;0.1] | 0.110 | 0.55 [0.32;0.73] | <0.001 | ±1.90 |
Job Type | n | Mean TEC (°C) (Corrected) | Mean Tcli (°C) | Mean RH (%) | Max TEC (°C) | Max Tcli (°C) | Max RH (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All subjects | 49 | 36.8 ± 1.6 | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 62.6 ± 12.7 | 46.4 ± 2.0 | 39.5 ± 6.1 | 92.6 ± 13.6 |
Chemical cleaners | 9 | 37.6 ± 1.5 | 26.9 ± 1.9 | 78.8 ± 5.7 | 46.4 ± 2.8 | 33.0 ± 1.8 | 91.9 ± 2.1 |
Mechanics | 13 | 36.1 ± 0.8 | 28.0 ± 2.2 | 49.7 ± 9.0 | 38.3 ± 0.6 | 36.5 ± 2.7 | 75.9 ± 10.9 |
Firefighters | 14 | 37.9 ± 0.7 | 31.2 ± 2.2 | 67.6 ± 7.7 | 41.6 ± 1.2 | 39.5 ± 3.0 | 92.5 ± 3.4 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 13 | 36.0 ± 2.0 | 21.2 ± 4.8 | 60.1 ± 8.7 | 42.7 ± 2.0 | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 88.4 ± 8.2 |
Job Type | n | MD ± SD [95% CI] | p | ICC [95% CI] | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before performance of the job | |||||
Chemical cleaners | 9 | −0.2 ± 0.2 [−0.4;−0.1] | 0.007 | 0.88 [0.16;0.98] | <0.001 |
Mechanics | 13 | −0.1 ± 0.2 [−0.3;0.0] | 0.087 | 0.81 [0.47;0.94] | <0.001 |
Firefighters | 14 | −0.3 ± 0.2 [−0.4;−0.3] | <0.001 | 0.51 [−0.08;0.85] | <0.001 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 13 | −0.2 ± 0.3 [−0.4;−0.1] | 0.012 | 0.67 [0.11;0.90] | 0.001 |
After performance of the job | |||||
Chemical cleaners | 7 | −0.4 ± 0.6 [−0.9;0.1] | 0.083 | 0.60 [−0.06;0.91] | 0.029 |
Mechanics | 13 | 0.2 ± 0.5 [−0.1;0.5] | 0.121 | 0.63 [0.18;0.87] | 0.005 |
Firefighters | 13 | −0.7 ± 1.0 [0.6;1.9] | 0.029 | 0.28 [−0.16;0.68] | 0.110 |
Neighborhood maintainers | 10 | 0.1 ± 1.2 [−0.8;1.0] | 0.796 | −0.09 [−0.77;0.57] | 0.594 |
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Roossien, C.C.; Hodselmans, A.P.; Heus, R.; Reneman, M.F.; Verkerke, G.J. Evaluation of a Wearable Non-Invasive Thermometer for Monitoring Ear Canal Temperature during Physically Demanding (Outdoor) Work. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094896
Roossien CC, Hodselmans AP, Heus R, Reneman MF, Verkerke GJ. Evaluation of a Wearable Non-Invasive Thermometer for Monitoring Ear Canal Temperature during Physically Demanding (Outdoor) Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094896
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoossien, Charlotte Christina, Audy Paul Hodselmans, Ronald Heus, Michiel Felix Reneman, and Gijsbertus Jacob Verkerke. 2021. "Evaluation of a Wearable Non-Invasive Thermometer for Monitoring Ear Canal Temperature during Physically Demanding (Outdoor) Work" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094896