Environmental and Psychosocial Barriers Affect the Active Commuting to University in Chilean Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Mode of Commuting
4.2. Barriers Perception for Active Commuting
4.3. Barriers Perception for MVPA Recommendation
4.4. Limitations and Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic | All | Women | Men | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Sex | 1349 | (100) | 712 | (52.8) | 637 | (47.2) |
Age (years old) | ||||||
18–24 | 1041 | (79.2) | 669 | (95.0) | 372 | (61.0) |
25–31 | 159 | (12.1) | 32 | (4.5) | 127 | (20.8) |
32–38 | 69 | (5.3) | 3 | (0.4) | 66 | (10.8) |
39–46 | 32 | (2.4) | 0 | (0) | 32 | (5.2) |
47–54 | 13 | (1.0) | 0 | (0) | 13 | (2.1) |
Study field | ||||||
Health | 308 | (22.8) | 216 | (30.3) | 92 | (14.4) |
Education | 265 | (19.6) | 206 | (28.9) | 59 | (9.3) |
Social sciences | 60 | (4.4) | 37 | (5.2) | 23 | (3.6) |
Engineer | 716 | (53.1) | 253 | (35.5) | 463 | (72.7) |
Type of university | ||||||
Public | 815 | (60.4) | 349 | (48.9) | 466 | (73.1) |
Private | 534 | (39.6) | 363 | (51.0) | 171 | (26.8) |
Residence area | ||||||
Urban | 1296 | (96.1) | 681 | (95.6) | 615 | (96.5) |
Rural | 53 | (3.9) | 31 | (4.4) | 22 | (3.5) |
Live in family | ||||||
Yes | 963 | (71.4) | 565 | (79.4) | 398 | (62.5) |
No | 386 | (28.6) | 147 | (20.6) | 239 | (37.5) |
Socioeconomic level | ||||||
Low | 12 | (0.9) | 9 | (1.3) | 3 | (0.5) |
Medium | 713 | (52.9) | 373 | (52.4) | 340 | (53.4) |
High | 624 | (46.3) | 330 | (46.3) | 294 | (46.2) |
All | Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Mode of commuting | ||||||
Passive | 1007 | (74.6) | 585 | (82.2) | 422 | (66.2) |
Active | 342 | (25.4) | 127 | (17.8) | 215 | (33.8) |
Commuting to university | ||||||
Walking | 324 | (24.0) | 120 | (16.9) | 204 | (32.0) |
Bike | 18 | (1.3) | 7 | (1.0) | 11 | (1.7) |
Car | 179 | (13.3) | 103 | (14.5) | 76 | (11.9) |
Moto | 7 | (0.5) | 1 | (0.1) | 6 | (0.9) |
Public bus | 681 | (50.5) | 407 | (57.2) | 274 | (43.0) |
Train/metro | 140 | (10.4) | 74 | (10.4) | 66 | (10.4) |
All | Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | |
Physical activity | ||||||
Sedentary (min/day) | 495.7 | ±696.9 | 508.4 | ±751.7 | 481.6 | ±630.2 |
Light PA (min/week) | 262.3 | ±348.8 | 224.9 | ±316.6 | 304.2 | ±377.5 |
Moderate PA (min/week) | 113.0 | ±186.3 | 100.5 | ±174.5 | 126.9 | ±197.8 |
Vigorous PA (min/week) | 115.6 | ±160.1 | 73.6 | ±118.0 | 162.5 | ±185.9 |
Moderate-vigorous (MVPA) | 78.9 | ±70.6 | 65.3 | ±68.0 | 94.2 | ±70.3 |
Recommendation weekly MVPA | ||||||
No reach [n (%)] | 1127 | (83.5) | 627 | (88.1) | 500 | (78.5) |
Reach [n (%)] | 222 | (16.5) | 85 | (11.9) | 137 | (21.5) |
Passive Commuting to University | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barriers | Women | Men | ||||
OR | (CI 95%) | p Value | OR | (CI 95%) | p Value | |
Environmental | ||||||
There are no sidewalk or bikeways | 1.27 | (0.84–1.92) | 0.264 | 0.87 | (0.60–1.26) | 0.446 |
Bikeways occupied by people who walk | 2.54 | (1.69–3.84) | <0.001 | 1.28 | (0.91–1.78) | 0.152 |
There is too much traffic along the route | 1.51 | (1.00–2.27) | 0.049 | 2.07 | (1.47–2.93) | <0.001 |
Are dangerous crossings along the way | 2.12 | (1.36–3.31) | 0.001 | 1.55 | (1.09–2.22) | 0.016 |
Walking or biking is insecure due to crime | 1.23 | (0.83–1.84) | 0.308 | 0.75 | (0.53–1.04) | 0.086 |
Are no places to leave the bicycle safely | 1.04 | (0.71–1.52) | 0.850 | 1.02 | (0.73–1.43) | 0.898 |
Streets are dangerous because of the cars | 2.18 | (1.39–3.40) | 0.001 | 1.70 | (1.17–2.45) | 0.005 |
Psychosocial | ||||||
I get hot and sweat when I’m walking or biking | 1.52 | (1.03–2.24) | 0.034 | 1.60 | (1.14–2.23) | 0.007 |
I’m too loaded to go walking or cycling | 2.44 | (1.65–3.61) | <0.001 | 1.10 | (0.79–1.53) | 0.590 |
It is easier to move with car or motorcycle | 1.38 | (0.94–2.02) | 0.104 | 1.75 | (1.26–2.44) | 0.001 |
Walk or biking involves too much planning | 5.25 | (3.14–8.78) | <0.001 | 2.49 | (1.67–3.70) | <0.001 |
It takes too much time | 4.62 | (3.05–6.99) | <0.001 | 4.22 | (2.97–5.99) | <0.001 |
It takes too much physical effort | 3.18 | (2.05–4.94) | <0.001 | 1.86 | (1.30–2.65) | 0.001 |
I need the car or the motorcycle to work | 1.09 | (0.72–1.66) | 0.680 | 0.96 | (0.68–1.37) | 0.837 |
Reach MVPA Recomendation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barriers | Women | Men | ||||
OR | (CI 95%) | p Value | OR | (CI 95%) | p Value | |
Environmental | ||||||
There are no sidewalk or bikeways | 1.81 | (1.02–3.19) | 0.042 | 0.90 | (0.59–1.36) | 0.610 |
Bikeways occupied by people who walk | 0.87 | (0.55–1.37) | 0.538 | 0.93 | (0.63–1.36) | 0.707 |
There is too much traffic along the route | 1.03 | (0.62–1.71) | 0.918 | 1.30 | (0.85–1.97) | 0.225 |
Are dangerous crossings along the way | 1.54 | (0.79–3.00) | 0.201 | 1.50 | (0.96–2.35) | 0.076 |
Walking or biking is insecure due to crime | 0.95 | (0.59–1.54) | 0.839 | 0.83 | (0.57–1.21) | 0.332 |
Are no places to leave the bicycle safely | 0.89 | (0.57–1.40) | 0.621 | 0.79 | (0.54–1.17) | 0.246 |
Streets are dangerous because of the cars | 1.51 | (0.78–2.94) | 0.224 | 1.03 | (0.67–1.60) | 0.889 |
Psychosocial | ||||||
I get hot and sweat when I’m walking or biking | 0.56 | (0.35–0.89) | 0.014 | 1.05 | (0.72–1.54) | 0.793 |
I’m too loaded to go walking or cycling | 0.98 | (0.60–1.58) | 0.917 | 0.83 | (0.57–1.22) | 0.345 |
It is easier to move with car or motorcycle | 0.79 | (0.50–1.25) | 0.311 | 1.29 | (0.83–1.78) | 0.312 |
Walk or biking involves too much planning | 1.26 | (0.80–1.98) | 0.328 | 0.94 | (0.62–1.42) | 0.752 |
It takes too much time | 1.15 | (0.72–1.84) | 0.566 | 0.76 | (0.52–1.11) | 0.159 |
It takes too much physical effort | 0.94 | (0.59–1.48) | 0.780 | 0.66 | (0.44–0.99) | 0.044 |
I need the car or the motorcycle to work | 0.74 | (0.44–1.23) | 0.239 | 0.85 | (0.56–1.28) | 0.424 |
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Castillo-Paredes, A.; Inostroza Jiménez, N.; Parra-Saldías, M.; Palma-Leal, X.; Felipe, J.L.; Págola Aldazabal, I.; Díaz-Martínez, X.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F. Environmental and Psychosocial Barriers Affect the Active Commuting to University in Chilean Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041818
Castillo-Paredes A, Inostroza Jiménez N, Parra-Saldías M, Palma-Leal X, Felipe JL, Págola Aldazabal I, Díaz-Martínez X, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F. Environmental and Psychosocial Barriers Affect the Active Commuting to University in Chilean Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041818
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastillo-Paredes, Antonio, Natalia Inostroza Jiménez, Maribel Parra-Saldías, Ximena Palma-Leal, José Luis Felipe, Itziar Págola Aldazabal, Ximena Díaz-Martínez, and Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez. 2021. "Environmental and Psychosocial Barriers Affect the Active Commuting to University in Chilean Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041818