The Effects of Multi-Sociodemographic Characteristics of Construction Sites Personnel on Perceptions of Safety Climate-Influencing Factors: The Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Supervision, Guidance, and Inspection
3.2. Appraisal of Risks and Hazards
3.3. Social Security and Health Insurance
3.4. Workmate Influence
3.5. Management Safety Justice
3.6. Management Commitment to Safety
3.7. Education and Training
3.8. Communication
3.9. Workers’ Safety Commitment
3.10. Workers’ Attitudes toward Health and Safety
3.11. Workers’ Involvement
3.12. Supportive Environment
3.13. Competence
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Groups | n | % | Characteristic | Groups | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 18–20 | 2 | 0.50 | Occupation | Worker | 294 | 73.31 |
21–25 | 51 | 12.72 | Technician | 15 | 3.74 | ||
26–30 | 57 | 14.20 | Supervisor | 50 | 12.50 | ||
31–35 | 89 | 22.20 | Architect | 3 | 0.75 | ||
36–40 | 105 | 26.20 | Engineer | 29 | 7.20 | ||
41–45 | 65 | 16.20 | Manager | 10 | 2.50 | ||
Older than 50 | 9 | 2.24 | Experience (years) | 0–5 | 108 | 26.93 | |
6–10 | 134 | 33.41 | |||||
Nationality | Sudanese | 3 | 0.75 | 11–15 | 107 | 26.70 | |
Filipino | 3 | 0.75 | 16–20 | 35 | 8.73 | ||
Bangladeshi | 6 | 1.50 | More than 20 | 17 | 4.23 | ||
Somali | 7 | 1.75 | |||||
Syrian | 50 | 12.47 | Trade specialty | Carpenter | 100 | 24.93 | |
Indian | 55 | 13.71 | Blacksmith | 82 | 20.45 | ||
Yemeni | 58 | 14.50 | Bricklaying | 39 | 9.72 | ||
Egyptian | 90 | 22.40 | Painter | 5 | 1.25 | ||
Pakistani | 129 | 32.17 | Plumbing | 34 | 8.50 | ||
Cement and concrete | 31 | 7.73 | |||||
Education | Illiterate | 70 | 17.45 | Crane operator | 7 | 1.75 | |
Elementary | 68 | 16.96 | Surveyor | 9 | 2.24 | ||
Intermediate | 73 | 18.20 | Mechanical | 4 | 1.00 | ||
Secondary | 99 | 24.69 | Architecture | 3 | 0.75 | ||
Diploma | 31 | 7.70 | Electrical | 9 | 2.24 | ||
Bachelor | 60 | 15.00 | Administration | 15 | 3.74 | ||
Civil | 50 | 12.50 | |||||
Safety and quality control | 13 | 3.20 |
Rank 1,2 | Factors 1,2 | Description 1 |
---|---|---|
1 | Supervision, guidance, and inspection | Assistance and assurance that a safety program is fully implemented on-site. |
2 | Appraisal of risks and hazards | The ability to assess risks and hazards. |
3 | Social security and health insurance | Providing workers with legal contracts and medical insurance. |
4 | Workmate influences | The influence of co-worker’s perceptions/practices on each other in terms of safety aspects. |
5 | Management safety justice | The degree of quality to which the management can deal fairly with workers involved in safety accidents. |
6 | Management commitment to safety | The priority level and care that management dedicates to workers’ safety. |
7 | Education and training | Information, instructions, and learning materials provided to workers on safety. |
8 | Communication | Effective communication by management and workers’ feedback. |
9 | Workers’ safety commitment | The priority level and care that workers dedicate to their own and others’ safety on site. |
10 | Workers’ attitude toward health and safety | The perception of the worker towards aspects of health and safety, and the willingness degree to risk taking. |
11 | Workers’ involvement | Involvement and contribution of workers in safety activities. |
12 | Supportive environment | Overall safety trust and support between a group of employees. |
13 | Competence | The general background of workers’ knowledge, training, qualification, and skills. |
Sociodemographic Characteristic | Type | Reference Group | Assignment Criterion(a) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Ordinal | Older than 50 | Highest order 1 |
Nationality | Nominal | Pakistani | Largest nationality sample size |
Education | Ordinal | Bachelor | Highest order 1 |
Occupation | Nominal | Manager | Highest authority/education |
Experience | Ordinal | More than 20 | Highest order 1 |
Trade specialty | Nominal | Safety and quality control | Daily work is directly related to safety/highest education |
Factor 1 | Age 2 | Nationality 2 | Education 2 | Occupation 2 | Experience 2 | Trade Specialty 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supervision, guidance, and inspection | Egyptian H | Illiterate L | Carpenter L | |||
Bangladeshi L | Elementary L | Plumbing L | ||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Diploma L | ||||||
Appraisal of risks and hazards | 18–20 L | Illiterate L | ||||
Elementary L | ||||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Social security and health insurance | Illiterate L | |||||
Workmate influences | Bangladeshi L | Illiterate L | ||||
Yemeni L | Elementary L | |||||
Egyptian H | Intermediate L | |||||
Filipino H | Secondary L | |||||
Management safety justice | Illiterate L | 11–15 H | Administration H | |||
Elementary L | Plumbing H | |||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Diploma L | ||||||
Management commitment to safety | Bangladeshi L | Illiterate L | ||||
Egyptian H | Elementary L | |||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Diploma L | ||||||
Education and training | Bangladeshi L | Illiterate L | Worker L | |||
SomaliL | Elementary L | Architect L | ||||
Egyptian H | Intermediate | |||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Diploma L | ||||||
Communication | Egyptian H | Worker L | Bricklaying L | |||
Syrian H | Plumbing L | |||||
Indian H | Cement and concrete L | |||||
Filipino H | Blacksmith L | |||||
Bangladeshi L | Crane operator L | |||||
Workers’ safety commitment | Illiterate L | 16–20 L | Carpenter L | |||
Elementary L | Blacksmith L | |||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Secondary L | ||||||
Diploma L | ||||||
Workers’ attitude toward health and safety | 18–20 L | 0–5 L | ||||
6–10 L | ||||||
Workers’ involvement | 31–35 L | Bangladeshi L | Illiterate L | 0–5 L | Plumbing L | |
Syrian H | Elementary L | 6–10 L | Bricklaying L | |||
Egyptian H | 11–15 L | Cement and concrete L | ||||
Indian H | ||||||
Supportive environment | Bangladeshi L | Illiterate L | ||||
Egyptian H | Elementary L | |||||
Intermediate L | ||||||
Competence | Elementary L | Administration H | ||||
Intermediate L |
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Mosly, I.; Makki, A.A. The Effects of Multi-Sociodemographic Characteristics of Construction Sites Personnel on Perceptions of Safety Climate-Influencing Factors: The Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041674
Mosly I, Makki AA. The Effects of Multi-Sociodemographic Characteristics of Construction Sites Personnel on Perceptions of Safety Climate-Influencing Factors: The Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041674
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosly, Ibrahim, and Anas A. Makki. 2021. "The Effects of Multi-Sociodemographic Characteristics of Construction Sites Personnel on Perceptions of Safety Climate-Influencing Factors: The Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041674