Associations of Problematic Binge-Watching with Depression, Social Interaction Anxiety, and Loneliness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Emergence of Binge-Watching Behavior
1.2. Binge-Watching and Mental Health
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Data Collection
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Problematic Binge-Watching Behavior
2.2.2. Depression
2.2.3. Social Interaction Anxiety
2.2.4. Loneliness
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics and Scale Scores
3.2. Problematic Binge-Watching and Mental Health
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1: Never. 2: Rarely. 3: Sometimes. 4: Often. 5: Always. |
During the last year, how often have you: |
1. thought of how you could free up more time to watch series? |
2. spent much more time watching series than initially intended? |
3. watched series in order to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety, helplessness and depression? |
4. been told by others to cut down on watching series without listening to them? |
5. become restless or troubled if you have been prohibited from watching series? |
6. ignored your partner, family members, or friends because of series watching? |
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N | % | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 374 | 25.1 | ||
Female | 1114 | 74.9 | ||
Age | 28.3 | 7.8 | ||
Education Level | ||||
High School | 35 | 2.4 | ||
Bachelor’s Degree | 1036 | 69.6 | ||
Master’s Degree | 417 | 28.0 | ||
Employment Status | ||||
Full-Time Employment | 824 | 55.4 | ||
Part-Time Employment | 209 | 14.0 | ||
Unemployed | 455 | 30.6 | ||
Relationship Status | ||||
Married | 212 | 14.3 | ||
In a Relationship | 408 | 27.4 | ||
Single | 868 | 58.3 | ||
Self-Reported Good Physical Health | 435 | 29.2 | ||
Self-Reported Good Mental Health | 678 | 45.6 | ||
The PSWS Score (Range: 6–30) | 15.3 | 4.9 | ||
The CES-D Score (Range: 0–60) | 14.9 | 8.3 | ||
The SIAS-C Score (Range:0–80) | 34.1 | 14.6 | ||
The UCLA Loneliness Scale Score (Range: 20–80) | 39.3 | 8.3 |
PSWS Score (Range: 6–30) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | d | |
Gender ** | |||
Male | 14.6 | 5.0 | |
Female | 15.5 | 4.8 | 0.19 |
Age ** | |||
20~29 | 15.3 | 4.9 | |
30~39 | 15.7 | 4.7 | 0.08 |
40 or older | 14.1 | 4.9 | −0.24 |
Education Level | |||
High School | 14.8 | 5.0 | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 15.5 | 4.9 | 0.14 |
Master’s Degree | 14.9 | 4.8 | 0.02 |
Employment Status | |||
Full-Time Employment | 15.3 | 4.8 | |
Part-Time Employment | 14.8 | 4.9 | −0.10 |
Unemployed | 15.5 | 5.0 | 0.04 |
Relationship Status | |||
Married | 15.1 | 5.0 | |
In a Relationship | 14.9 | 4.7 | −0.04 |
Single | 15.5 | 4.9 | 0.08 |
Self-Reported Physical Health *** | |||
Poor | 16.1 | 5.1 | |
Fair | 15.2 | 4.6 | −0.19 |
Good | 14.4 | 4.7 | −0.35 |
Self-Reported Mental Health *** | |||
Poor | 16.9 | 5.2 | |
Fair | 15.4 | 4.3 | −0.32 |
Good | 14.5 | 4.9 | −0.48 |
PSWS Score | ||
---|---|---|
Pearson r | p-Value | |
The CES-D Score | 0.23 | <0.001 |
The SIAS-C Score | 0.22 | <0.001 |
The UCLA Loneliness Scale Score | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Β | SE | T | |
---|---|---|---|
Female (Ref.: Male) | −0.83 | 0.53 | −1.57 |
Age | −0.06 | 0.04 | −1.57 |
Education Level (Ref.: Master’s Degree) | |||
High School | 2.01 | 1.56 | 1.29 |
Bachelor’s Degree | 0.52 | 0.52 | 1.00 |
Employment Status (Ref.: Unemployed) | |||
Part-Time Employment * | 1.85 | 0.73 | 2.53 |
Full-Time Employment | −0.75 | 0.55 | −1.36 |
Relationship Status (Ref.: Single) | |||
Married *** | −3.26 | 0.81 | −4.00 |
In a Relationship ** | −1.47 | 0.53 | −2.77 |
Self-Reported Good Physical Health (Ref.: Bad/Fair) | −1.00 | 0.55 | −1.83 |
Self-Reported Good Mental Health (Ref.: Bad/Fair) *** | −6.81 | 0.50 | −13.57 |
The PSWS Score *** | 0.39 | 0.05 | 8.26 |
F = 42.16; R2 = 0.23 |
β | SE | T | |
---|---|---|---|
Female (Ref.: Male) | −1.07 | 0.82 | −1.30 |
Age *** | −0.36 | 0.06 | −5.90 |
Education Level (Ref.: Master’s Degree) | |||
High School | 2.22 | 2.41 | 0.92 |
Bachelor’s Degree | 0.56 | 0.80 | 0.70 |
Employment Status (Ref.: Unemployed) | |||
Part-Time Employment | 1.30 | 1.13 | 1.14 |
Full-Time Employment | −0.75 | 0.85 | −0.88 |
Relationship Status (Ref.: Single) | |||
Married *** | −4.66 | 1.26 | −3.69 |
In a Relationship *** | −3.27 | 0.82 | −3.99 |
Self-Reported Good Physical Health (Ref.: Bad/Fair) | −0.84 | 0.85 | −0.99 |
Self-Reported Good Mental Health (Ref.: Bad/Fair) *** | −3.69 | 0.78 | −4.74 |
The PSWS Score *** | 0.55 | 0.07 | 7.49 |
F = 24.98; R2 = 0.15 |
β | SE | T | |
---|---|---|---|
Female (Ref.: Male) *** | −2.22 | 0.58 | −3.83 |
Age | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.19 |
Education Level (Ref.: Master’s Degree) | |||
High School | −0.22 | 1.71 | −0.13 |
Bachelor’s Degree | 0.96 | 0.57 | 1.69 |
Employment Status (Ref.: Unemployed) | |||
Part-Time Employment | 1.20 | 0.80 | 1.50 |
Full-Time Employment | −0.84 | 0.60 | −1.40 |
Relationship Status (Ref.: Single) | |||
Married *** | −4.51 | 0.89 | −5.06 |
In a Relationship *** | −4.27 | 0.58 | −7.37 |
Self-Reported Good Physical Health (Ref.: Bad/fair) ** | −1.61 | 0.60 | −2.68 |
Self-Reported Good Mental Health (Ref.: Bad/fair) *** | −5.93 | 0.55 | −10.79 |
The PSWS Score *** | 0.35 | 0.05 | 6.70 |
F = 34.43; R2 = 0.20 |
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Sun, J.-J.; Chang, Y.-J. Associations of Problematic Binge-Watching with Depression, Social Interaction Anxiety, and Loneliness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031168
Sun J-J, Chang Y-J. Associations of Problematic Binge-Watching with Depression, Social Interaction Anxiety, and Loneliness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031168
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Jia-Ji, and Yen-Jung Chang. 2021. "Associations of Problematic Binge-Watching with Depression, Social Interaction Anxiety, and Loneliness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031168