Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-Elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments and Variables
- Sociodemographic variables: age, sex, marital status, level of education and social class (according to Domingo-Salvany et al. [34]: class I: directors and managers of companies with 10 or more employees and professionals with university degrees; class II: directors of companies with fewer than 10 employees and professionals with college diplomas; class III, intermediate occupations; class IV: workers in qualified technical occupations; class V: primary sector workers; and class VI: unskilled workers).
- Mental health variables: self-reported depression and anxiety in the last 12 months (with a medical diagnosis) and mental conditions (psychological morbidity and possible cases of non-psychotic psychiatric disorders).
- Health-related variables such as health self-perception, disease or chronic/long-term illnesses, multimorbidity (according to the WHO [35], multimorbidity is considered the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions in the same individual, and data were collected across 32 medical diagnoses), body mass index (BMI) (according to WHO criteria [36], BMI is categorised as follows:<18.5 kg/m2, underweight; 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, normal; 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, overweight; and ≥30 kg/m2, obese), the consumption of medications in the last 2 weeks (including the consumption of tranquilisers/relaxants/sleeping pills and the consumption of antidepressants/stimulants) and polypharmacy (according to the WHO [37], polypharmacy is considered the simultaneous consumption of 5 or more medications; our study referred to the last two weeks).
- Physical Activity variables: type of PA performed in the main activity, frequency with which they perform PA, PA performed in the last 7 days (intense/moderate), number of days a week in which they walk for at least 10 min, time spent walking per week and time spent doing physical exercise in leisure time.
- Low: Participants who did not register activity or did not meet the criteria for moderate and high categories.
- Moderate: Participants who met one of these criteria:
- 3 or more days of vigorous PA for at least 20 min/day
- 5 or more days of moderate PA or walking for at least 30 min
- 5 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate or vigorous PA, achieving at least 600 MMS.
- High: Participants who met one of the following criteria:
- 3 or more days of vigorous PA or accumulating at least 1500 MMS
- 7 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate or vigorous PA, achieving a minimum of at least 3000 MMS.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men n = 2874 (%) | Women n = 3103 (%) | Total n = 5977 (%) | p-Value χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Single | 503 (17.5) | 399 (12.9) | 902 (15.1) | |
Married | 1976 (68.8) | 1994 (64.3) | 3970 (66.4) | |
Widowed | 62 (2.2) | 288 (9.3) | 350 (5.9) | |
Separated | 114 (4) | 123 (4) | 237 (4) | |
Divorced | 213 (7.4) | 287 (9.2) | 500 (8.4) | |
Not responding | 6 (0.1) | 12 (0.3) | 18 (0.2) | |
Level of education | 0.024 | |||
Without studies | 171 (5.9) | 208 (6.7) | 379 (6.3) | |
Primary | 1395 (48.5) | 1448 (46.7) | 2843 (47.6) | |
Secondary or PT | 838 (29.2) | 858 (27.7) | 1696 (28.4) | |
University | 470 (16.4) | 589 (19) | 1.059 (17.7) | |
Social class | <0.001 | |||
Class I | 277 (9.6) | 309 (10) | 586 (9.8) | |
Class II | 204 (7.2) | 239 (7.7) | 443 (7.4) | |
Class III | 548 (19.1) | 631 (20.3) | 1179 (19.7) | |
Class IV | 490 (17) | 368 (11.9) | 858 (14.4) | |
Class V | 960 (33.4) | 969 (31.2) | 1929 (32.3) | |
Class VI | 375 (13) | 505 (16.3) | 880 (14.7) | |
Not responding | 20 (0.7) | 82 (2.6) | 102 (1.7) | |
Mental health variables | ||||
Depression | <0.001 | |||
No | 2710 (94.3) | 2704 (87.1) | 2414 (90.6) | |
Yes | 164 (5.7) | 399 (12.9) | 563 (9.4) | |
Anxiety | <0.001 | |||
No | 2680 (93.2) | 2697 (86.9) | 5377 (90) | |
Yes | 194 (6.8) | 406 (13.1) | 600 (10) | |
Mental health vulnerability | <0.001 | |||
Non case (GHQ-12 ≤ 5) | 2643 (92) | 2735 (88.1) | 5378 (90) | |
Case (GHQ-12 ≥ 6) | 231 (8) | 368 (11.9) | 599 (10) | |
Health-related variables | ||||
Health self-perception | 0.004 | |||
Very good | 380 (13.2) | 397 (12.9) | 777 (13) | |
Good | 1549 (53.9) | 1549 (49.9) | 3098 (51.8) | |
Regular | 680 (23.7) | 814 (26.2) | 1494 (25) | |
Bad | 207 (7.2) | 352 (8.1) | 459 (7.7) | |
Very bad | 58 (2) | 91 (2.9) | 149 (2.5) | |
Disease or chronic/long-term illnesses | <0.001 | |||
No | 801 (27.9) | 714 (23) | 1515 (25.4) | |
Yes | 2073 (72.1) | 2.388 (77) | 4461 (74.6) | |
Multimorbidity | <0.001 | |||
No | 1251 (43.5) | 1057 (34.1) | 2308 (38.6) | |
Yes | 1623 (56.5) | 2046 (65.9) | 3669 (61.4) | |
BMI | <0.001 | |||
Underweight | 11 (0.4) | 56 (1.9) | 67 (1.1) | |
Normal weight | 744 (25.9) | 1338 (43.1) | 2082 (34.8) | |
Overweight | 1440 (50.1) | 1041 (33.5) | 2481 (41.5) | |
Obesity | 620 (21.6) | 541 (17.4) | 1161 (19.4) | |
Not responding | 59 (2) | 127 (4.1) | 186 (3.2) | |
Polypharmacy | <0.001 | |||
No | 2646 (92.1) | 2729 (87.9) | 5375 (89.9) | |
Yes | 228 (7.9) | 374 (12.1) | 602 (10.1) | |
Consumption of tranquilizers/relaxants/sleeping pills | <0.001 | |||
No | 2575 (89.6) | 2508 (80.8) | 5083 (85) | |
Yes | 299 (10.4) | 595 (19.2) | 894 (15) | |
Consumption of antidepressants/stimulants | <0.001 | |||
No | 2744 (95.5) | 2761 (89) | 5505 (92.1) | |
Yes | 130 (4.5) | 342 (11) | 472 (7.9) | |
Level of PA | <0.001 | |||
Low | 1006 (35) | 1118 (36) | 2124 (35.5) | |
Moderate | 1181 (41.1) | 1454 (46.9) | 2635 (44.1) | |
High | 687 (23.9) | 531 (17.1) | 1.218 (20.4) |
Simple Correlation | Partial Correlation a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GHQ-12 Score | MMS | No. Diseases | No. Medications Consumed | GHQ-12 Score | MMS | No. Diseases | No. Medications Consumed | |
GHQ-12 score | - | −0.36 * | 0.4 ** | 0.391 ** | - | −0.33 * | 0.4 ** | 0.393 ** |
MMS | - | −0.026 * | −0.043 ** | - | −0.016 | −0.037 * | ||
No. diseases | - | 0.707 ** | - | 0.694 ** |
Level of Physical Activity | p-Value χ2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low n (%) | Moderate n (%) | High n (%) | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Men | 1006 (35) | 1181 (41.1) | 687 (23.9) | |
Women | 1118 (36) | 1454 (46.9) | 531 (17.1) | |
Marital status | 0.042 | |||
Single | 297 (32.9) | 444 (49.2) | 161 (17.9) | |
Married | 1439 (36.2) | 1711 (43.1) | 820 (20.7) | |
Widowed | 126 (36) | 161 (46) | 63 (18) | |
Separated | 81 (34.2) | 107 (45.1) | 49 (20.7) | |
Divorced | 175 (35) | 206 (41.2) | 119 (23.8) | |
Level of education | <0.001 | |||
Without studies | 181 (47.8) | 158 (41.7) | 40 (10.6) | |
Primary | 1060 (37.3) | 1213 (42.7) | 570 (20) | |
Secondary or PT | 571 (33.7) | 755 (44.5) | 370 (21.8) | |
University | 312 (29.5) | 509 (48.1) | 238 (22.5) | |
Social class | <0.001 | |||
Class I | 169 (28.8) | 277 (47.3) | 140 (23.9) | |
Class II | 126 (28.4) | 205 (46.3) | 112 (25.3) | |
Class III | 410 (34.8) | 515 (43.7) | 254 (21.5) | |
Class IV | 316 (36.8) | 373 (43.5) | 169 (19.7) | |
Class V | 756 (39.2) | 822 (42.6) | 351 (18.2) | |
Class VI | 308 (35) | 399 (45.3) | 173 (19.7) | |
Mental health variables | ||||
Depression | <0.001 | |||
No | 1841 (34) | 2428 (44.9) | 1145 (21.1) | |
Yes | 283 (50.2) | 207 (36.8) | 73 (13) | |
Anxiety | <0.001 | |||
No | 1831 (34) | 2403 (44.7) | 1143 (21.3) | |
Yes | 293 (48.8) | 232 (38.7) | 75 (12.5) | |
Mental health vulnerability | <0.001 | |||
Non case (GHQ-12 ≤ 5) | 1808 (33.6) | 2409 (44.8) | 1161 (21.6) | |
Case (GHQ-12 ≥ 6) | 316 (52.8) | 226 (37.7) | 57 (9.5) | |
Health-related variables | ||||
Health self-perception | <0.001 | |||
Very good | 188 (24.2) | 344 (44.3) | 245 (31.5) | |
Good | 1015 (32.8) | 1410 (45.5) | 673 (21.7) | |
Regular | 582 (39) | 670 (44.8) | 242 (16.2) | |
Bad | 240 (52.3) | 173 (37.7) | 46 (10) | |
Very bad | 99 (66.4) | 38 (25.5) | 12 (8.1) | |
Disease or chronic/ long-term illnesses | <0.001 | |||
No | 474 (31.3) | 655 (43.2) | 386 (25.5) | |
Yes | 1650 (37) | 1979 (44.4) | 832 (18.6) | |
Multimorbidity | <0.001 | |||
No | 742 (32.2) | 1011 (43.8) | 555 (24) | |
Yes | 1382 (37.7) | 1624 (44.3) | 663 (18) | |
BMI | <0.001 | |||
Underweight | 19 (28.4) | 36 (53.7) | 12 (17.9) | |
Normal weight | 668 (32.1) | 931 (44.7) | 483 (23.2) | |
Overweight | 843 (34) | 1097 (44.2) | 541 (21.8) | |
Obesity | 504 (43.4) | 496 (42.7) | 161 (13.9) | |
Polypharmacy | <0.001 | |||
No | 1850 (34.4) | 2375 (44.2) | 1150 (21.4) | |
Yes | 274 (45.5) | 260 (43.2) | 68 (11.3) | |
Consumption of tranquilisers/relaxants/sleeping pills | <0.001 | |||
No | 1720 (33.8) | 2261 (44.5) | 1102 (21.7) | |
Yes | 404 (45.2) | 374 (41.8) | 116 (13) | |
Consumption of antidepressants/stimulants | <0.001 | |||
No | 1899 (34.5) | 2451 (44.5) | 1155 (21) | |
Yes | 225 (47.7) | 184 (39) | 63 (13.3) |
Variable | Simple Logistic Regression | Multiple Logistic Regression * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | Reference | Reference | ||
Married | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 0.06 | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 0.005 |
Widowed/separated/ divorced | 1.1 (0.92–1.33) | 0.329 | 1.1 (0.9–1.34) | 0.329 |
Level of education | ||||
Without studies | 2.19 (1.72–2.79) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.26–2.11) | <0.001 |
Primary | 1.42 (1.22–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 0.022 |
Secondary or PT | 1.222 (1.03–1.44) | 0.021 | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 0.226 |
University | Reference | Reference | ||
Anxiety | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 1.85 (1.56–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) | 0.014 |
Mental health vulnerability | ||||
Non case (GHQ-12 ≤ 5) | Reference | Reference | ||
Case (GHQ-12 ≥ 6) | 2.2 (1.86–2.61) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.18–1.76) | <0.001 |
Health self-perception | ||||
Very good/good | Reference | Reference | ||
Regular | 1.42 (1.25–1.6) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | 0.004 |
Bad/very bad | 2.8 (2.35–3.33) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.72–2.57) | <0.001 |
BMI | ||||
Underweight | Reference | Reference | ||
Normal weight | 1.2 (0.7–2.05) | 0.52 | 1.47 (0.84–2.56) | 0.175 |
Overweight | 1.3 (0.76–2.23) | 0.339 | 1.53 (0.88–2.67) | 0.131 |
Obesity | 1.94 (1.13–3.39) | 0.017 | 2.07 (1.18–3.63) | 0.011 |
Variable | Men * | Women * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | Reference | |||
Married | 1.5 (1.17–1.93) | 0.002 | ||
Widowed/separated/ divorced | 1.33 (0.99–1.76) | 0.052 | ||
Level of education | ||||
Without studies | 1.68 (1.15–2.45) | 0.007 | ||
Primary | 1.32 (1.04–1.67) | 0.021 | ||
Secondary or PT | 1.16 (0.9–1.49) | 0.254 | ||
University | Reference | |||
Social class | ||||
Class I and II | Reference | |||
Class III and IV | 1.26 (0.99–1.59) | 0.057 | ||
Class V and VI | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 0.034 | ||
Depression | ||||
No | Reference | |||
Yes | 1.42 (1.1–1.84) | 0.007 | ||
Anxiety | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | ||||
Mental health vulnerability | ||||
Non case (GHQ-12 ≤ 5) | Reference | Reference | ||
Case (GHQ-12 ≥ 6) | 1.35 (0.99–1.83) | 0.052 | 1.43 (1.1–1.86) | 0.01 |
Health self-perception | ||||
Very good/good | Reference | Reference | ||
Regular | 1.16 (0.96–1.4) | 0.131 | 1.24 (1.03–1.5) | 0.026 |
Bad/very bad | 2 (1.5–2.68) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.65–2.86) | <0.001 |
BMI | ||||
Underweight | 0.78 (0.23–2.67) | 0.697 | Reference | |
Normal weight | 0.64 (0.516–0.81) | <0.001 | 1.8 (0.94–3.47) | 0.077 |
Overweight | 0.72 (0.59–0.88) | 0.001 | 1.78 (0.93–3.44) | 0.084 |
Obesity | Reference | 0.001 | 2.47 (1.27–4.8) | 0.008 |
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Carmona-Torres, J.M.; Cobo-Cuenca, A.I.; Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P.; Latorre-Román, P.Á.; Párraga-Montilla, J.A.; Laredo-Aguilera, J.A. Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-Elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031100
Carmona-Torres JM, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Latorre-Román PÁ, Párraga-Montilla JA, Laredo-Aguilera JA. Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-Elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031100
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmona-Torres, Juan Manuel, Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca, Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Juan Antonio Párraga-Montilla, and José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera. 2021. "Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-Elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031100