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Volume 18
Issue 22
10.3390/ijerph182212135
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Review

Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact

by
Mauricio Llaver
,
Emiliano F. Fiorentini
,
María N. Oviedo
,
Pamela Y. Quintas
and
Rodolfo G. Wuilloud
*
Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET/UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212135
Submission received: 29 September 2021 / Revised: 11 November 2021 / Accepted: 15 November 2021 / Published: 19 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrative Analysis in Food Science, Nutrition and Environmental Health)
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Abstract

Speciation analysis is a key aspect of modern analytical chemistry, as the toxicity, environmental mobility, and bioavailability of elemental analytes are known to depend strongly on an element’s chemical species. Henceforth, great efforts have been made in recent years to develop methods that allow not only the determination of elements as a whole, but also each of its separate species. Environmental analytical chemistry has not ignored this trend, and this review aims to summarize the latest methods and techniques developed with this purpose. From the perspective of each relevant element and highlighting the importance of their speciation analysis, different sample treatment methods are introduced and described, with the spotlight on the use of modern nanomaterials and novel solvents in solid phase and liquid-liquid microextractions. In addition, an in-depth discussion of instrumental techniques aimed both at the separation and quantification of metal and metalloid species is presented, ranging from chromatographic separations to electro-chemical speciation analysis. Special emphasis is made throughout this work on the greenness of these developments, considering their alignment with the precepts of the Green Chemistry concept and critically reviewing their environmental impact.
Keywords: sample preparation; green chemistry; chromatography; atomic spectrometry; electrochemistry; environmental samples; analytical methods; legislation sample preparation; green chemistry; chromatography; atomic spectrometry; electrochemistry; environmental samples; analytical methods; legislation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Llaver, M.; Fiorentini, E.F.; Oviedo, M.N.; Quintas, P.Y.; Wuilloud, R.G. Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212135

AMA Style

Llaver M, Fiorentini EF, Oviedo MN, Quintas PY, Wuilloud RG. Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212135

Chicago/Turabian Style

Llaver, Mauricio, Emiliano F. Fiorentini, María N. Oviedo, Pamela Y. Quintas, and Rodolfo G. Wuilloud. 2021. "Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212135

APA Style

Llaver, M., Fiorentini, E. F., Oviedo, M. N., Quintas, P. Y., & Wuilloud, R. G. (2021). Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 12135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212135

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