Environmental Pyrethroid Exposure and Cognitive Dysfunction in U.S. Older Adults: The NHANES 2001–2002
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Urinary Pyrethroid Metabolite Measurement
2.3. Cognitive Function
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All Participants |
---|---|
Age (years) 2 | 70.5 (±0.3) |
Urinary 3-PBA concentration (µg/L) 3 | 0.30 (±0.04) |
Cognitive function score 2 | 48.4 (±1.5) |
Urinary creatinine concentration (mg/dL) 2 | 102.6 (±3.5) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (±0.3) |
Sex (%) | |
Male | 44.5 |
Female | 55.5 |
Race/ethnicity (%) | |
Non-Hispanic white | 84.8 |
Non-Hispanic black | 6.4 |
Mexican American | 2.4 |
Other | 6.4 |
Education (%) | |
<High school | 27.5 |
High school diploma | 28.5 |
>High school | 44.0 |
Income (%) | |
Below poverty (<1) | 7.7 |
Above poverty (≥1) | 92.3 |
Moderate or vigorous physical activity (%) | |
Yes | 80.3 |
No | 19.7 |
Hypertension (%) | |
Yes | 71.7 |
No | 28.3 |
Diabetes (%) | |
Yes | 14.1 |
No | 85.9 |
Characteristic | Participants n (%) 1 | Urinary 3-PBA Uncorrected (μg/L) | p-Value 2 | Urinary 3-PBA Creatinine-Corrected (μg/g) | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 336 | 0.30 (±0.04) | 0.36 (±0.04) | ||
Age (years) | |||||
60–69 | 147 (48.2) | 0.31 (±0.06) | 0.38 (±0.06) | ||
70–79 | 113 (35.2) | 0.27 (±0.04) | 0.32 (±0.04) | ||
80–85 | 76 (16.6) | 0.32 (±0.09) | 0.833 | 0.39 (±0.10) | 0.641 |
Sex | |||||
Male | 158 (44.5) | 0.30 (±0.04) | 0.28 (±0.03) | ||
Female | 178 (55.5) | 0.30 (±0.05) | 0.989 | 0.44 (±0.07) | 0.013 |
Race/ethnicity | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 228 (84.8) | 0.28 (±0.04) | 0.35 (±0.04) | ||
Non-Hispanic black | 41 (6.4) | 0.59 (±0.12) | 0.56 (±0.12) | ||
Mexican American | 49 (2.4) | 0.21 (±0.06) | 0.30 (±0.06) | ||
Other | 18 (6.4) | 0.40 (±0.24) | 0.027 | 0.44 (±0.23) | 0.185 |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||
<91.0 3 | 167 (47.5) | 0.17 (±0.02) | 0.37 (±0.05) | ||
≥91.0 | 169 (52.5) | 0.50 (±0.07) | <0.001 | 0.35 (±0.05) | 0.742 |
Education | |||||
<High school | 119 (27.5) | 0.29 (±0.08) | 0.33 (±0.08) | ||
High school | 76 (28.5) | 0.26 (±0.05) | 0.36 (±0.07) | ||
>High school | 141 (44.0) | 0.34 (±0.06) | 0.548 | 0.38 (±0.05) | 0.879 |
Income | |||||
Below poverty (<1) | 31 (7.7) | 0.28 (±0.21) | 0.46 (±0.29) | ||
Above poverty (≥1) | 305 (92.2) | 0.30 (±0.03) | 0.929 | 0.35 (±0.03) | 0.689 |
Moderate or vigorous physical activity | |||||
Yes | 264 (80.3) | 0.30 (±0.03) | 0.37 (±0.04) | ||
No | 72 (19.7) | 0.30 (±0.10) | 0.990 | 0.32 (±0.09) | 0.657 |
Cumulative cigarette pack-years | |||||
Never | 164 (48.9) | 0.35 (±0.05) | 0.42 (±0.06) | ||
<20 | 72 (19.2) | 0.33 (±0.08) | 0.42 (±0.10) | ||
≥20 | 100 (31.9) | 0.23 (±0.03) | 0.061 | 0.26 (±0.02) | 0.031 |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
<30 | 234 (67.2) | 0.29 (±0.05) | 0.37 (±0.05) | ||
≥30 | 102 (32.8) | 0.33 (±0.06) | 0.580 | 0.34 (±0.06) | 0.605 |
Hypertension | |||||
Yes | 240 (71.7) | 0.31 (±0.05) | 0.38 (±0.05) | ||
No | 96 (28.3) | 0.28 (±0.03) | 0.542 | 0.32 (±0.04) | 0.371 |
Diabetes | |||||
Yes | 49 (14.1) | 0.32 (±0.04) | 0.34 (±0.07) | ||
No | 287 (85.9) | 0.30 (±0.07) | 0.790 | 0.36 (±0.05) | 0.771 |
Cognitive Function Score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model A 1 | Model B 2 | Model C 3 | Model D 4 | |
Cr-uncorrected 3-PBA (μg/dL) | ||||
Low (0.07~0.22) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
High (0.23~47.94) | −1.09 (−5.60, 3.42) | −2.87 (−6.09, 0.36) | −2.72 (−6.06, 0.61) | −2.72 (−5.94, 0.50) |
Cr-corrected 3-PBA (μg/g) | ||||
Low (0.03~0.30) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
High (0.30~42.52) | −3.24 (−7.51, 1.02) | −3.83 (−7.11, −0.54) | −3.76 (−7.16, −0.36) | −3.82 (−6.92, −0.71) |
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Kim, U.-J.; Hong, M.; Choi, Y.-H. Environmental Pyrethroid Exposure and Cognitive Dysfunction in U.S. Older Adults: The NHANES 2001–2002. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212005
Kim U-J, Hong M, Choi Y-H. Environmental Pyrethroid Exposure and Cognitive Dysfunction in U.S. Older Adults: The NHANES 2001–2002. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212005
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ui-Jin, Myeongjin Hong, and Yoon-Hyeong Choi. 2021. "Environmental Pyrethroid Exposure and Cognitive Dysfunction in U.S. Older Adults: The NHANES 2001–2002" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212005