Factors Associated with the Need for Assistance among the Elderly in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Dependent Variables
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Data analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total, n (%) | I Do not Need Assistance, n (%) | I Need Assistance, n (%) | ap-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | ||||
Rural | 602 (50.0) | 552 (91.7) | 50 (8.3) | 0.45 |
Urban | 602 (50.0) | 559 (92.9) | 43 (7.1) | |
Age | 68 (63–72) * | N/a | N/a | N/a |
Age group | ||||
Young elderly | 996 (82.7) | 929 (93.3) | 67 (6.7) | 0.018 |
Mid elderly | 186 (15.4) | 163 (87.6) | 23 (12.4) | |
Late elderly | 22 (1.8) | 19 (8.6) | 3 (1.4) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 691 (57.4) | 640 (92.6) | 51 (7.4) | 0.604 |
Female | 513 (42.6) | 471 (91.8) | 42 (8.2) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Malay | 1002 (83.2) | 925 (92.3) | 77 (7.7) | 0.909 |
Non-Malay | 202 (16.8) | 186 (92.1) | 16 (7.9) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 802 (66.6) | 748 (93.3) | 54 (6.7) | 0.152 |
Widowed/Divorced | 384 (31.9) | 346 (90.1) | 38 (9.9) | |
Never married | 18 (1.5) | 17 (94.4) | 1 (5.6) | |
Family composition | ||||
I live alone | 64 (5.3) | 62 (96.9) | 2 (3.1) | 0.240 b |
I live with my family | 1140 (94.7) | 1049 (92.0) | 91 (8.0) | |
Current financial situation | ||||
Difficult | 228 (18.9) | 195 (85.5) | 33 (14.5) | <0.001 |
Average | 796 (66.1) | 743 (93.3) | 53 (6.7) | |
Comfortable | 180 (15) | 173 (96.1) | 7 (3.9) | |
Current employment status | ||||
Employed | 169 (14.0) | 163 (96.4) | 6 (3.6) | 0.058 |
Retired from job | 868 (72.1) | 798 (91.9) | 70 (8.1) | |
Never had a job | 167 (13.9) | 150 (89.8) | 17 (10.2) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) classification | ||||
Normal | 223 (18.5) | 206 (92.4) | 17 (7.6) | 0.379 |
Underweight | 39 (3.2) | 36 (92.3) | 3 (7.7) | |
Pre-obese | 454 (37.7) | 426 (93.8) | 28 (6.2) | |
Obese | 488 (40.5) | 443 (90.8) | 45 (9.2) | |
Current health status | ||||
Good | 712 (59.1) | 676 (94.9) | 36 (5.1) | <0.001 |
Fair | 441 (36.6) | 400 (90.7) | 41 (9.3) | |
Poor | 51 (4.2) | 35 (68.6) | 16 (31.4) | |
Difficulty seeing | ||||
Yes | 833 (69.2) | 760 (91.2) | 73 (8.8) | 0.043 |
No | 371 (30.8) | 351 (94.6) | 20 (5.4) | |
Difficulty hearing | ||||
Yes | 324 (26.9) | 281 (86.7) | 43 (13.3) | <0.001 |
No | 880 (73.1) | 830 (94.3) | 50 (5.7) | |
Difficulty walking, climbing steps, and carrying items | ||||
Yes | 613 (50.9) | 593 (96.7) | 74 (3.3) | <0.001 |
No | 591 (49.1) | 572 (96.8) | 19 (3.2) | |
Difficulty remembering or concentrating | ||||
Yes | 460 (38.2) | 409 (88.9) | 51 (11.1) | 0.001 |
No | 744 (61.8) | 702 (94.4) | 42 (5.6) | |
Ill/sick in the past 12 months | ||||
No | 695 (57.7) | 652 (93.8) | 43 (6.2) | 0.001 |
Yes, I have been and am still ill/sick | 148 (12.3) | 126 | 22 | |
Yes, I have been but recovered | 337 (28.0) | 313 | 24 | |
I do not remember | 24 (2.0) | 20 | 4 | |
Limitation of activities in the past 6 months | ||||
Severely limited | 49 (4.1) | 31 | 18 | <0.001 |
Limited but not severe | 445 (37) | 385 | 60 | |
Not limited at all | 710 (59) | 695 | 15 |
Variables | Total, n (%) | I Do not Need Assistance, n (%) | I Need Assistance, n (%) | ap-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bathing | ||||
Independent | 1194 (99.2) | 1106 (92.6) | 88 (7.4) | <0.001 b |
Dependent | 10 (0.8) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | |
Dressing | ||||
Independent | 1194 (99.2) | 1106 (92.6) | 88 (7.4) | <0.001 b |
Dependent | 10 (0.8) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | |
Toileting | ||||
Independent | 1195 (99.3) | 1108 (92.7) | 87 (7.3) | <0.001 b |
Dependent | 9 (0.7) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | |
Transferring | ||||
Independent | 1176 (97.7) | 1094 (93.0) | 82 (7.0) | <0.001 b |
Dependent | 28 (2.3) | 17 (60.7) | 11 (39.3) | |
Self-control of continence | ||||
Good control | 1169 (97.1) | 1084 (92.7) | 85 (72.7) | 0.002 b |
Poor control | 35 (2.9) | 27 (77.1) | 8 (22.9) | |
Feeding | ||||
Independent | 1199 (99.6) | 1110 ((92.6) | 89 (7.4) | <0.001 b |
Dependent | 5 (0.4) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | |
Able to go out alone by train, bus, or taxi | ||||
Yes | 763 (63.4) | 725 (95.0) | 38 (5.0) | <0.001 |
No | 441 (36.6) | 385 (87.3) | 55 (12.7) | |
Able to go shopping for daily necessities | ||||
Yes | 1005 (83.5) | 949 (94.4) | 56 (5.6) | <0.001 |
No | 199 (16.5) | 162 (81.4) | 37 (18.6) | |
Able to cook | ||||
Yes | 1040 (86.4) | 970 (93.3) | 70 (6.7) | 0.001 |
No | 164 (13.6) | 141 (86.0) | 23 (14.0) | |
Able to pay bills | ||||
Yes | 858 (71.3) | 815 (95.0) | 43 (5.0) | <0.001 |
No | 346 (28.7) | 296 (85.5) | 50 (14.5) | |
Able to withdraw or deposit money | ||||
Yes | 766 (63.6) | 726 (94.8) | 40 (5.2) | <0.001 |
No | 438 (36.4) | 385 (87.9) | 53 (12.1) | |
Able to fill out documents | ||||
Yes | 692 (57.5) | 657 (94.9) | 35 (5.1) | <0.001 |
No | 512 (42.5) | 454 (88.8) | 58 (11.3) | |
Able to find friends’ telephone numbers and call them | ||||
Yes | 948 (78.7) | 886 (93.5) | 62 (6.5) | 0.003 |
No | 256 (21.3) | 225 (87.9) | 31 (12.1) | |
Able to walk for 15 min without stopping | ||||
Yes | 1048 (87) | 990 (94.5) | 58 (5.5) | <0.001 |
No | 156 (13) | 121 (77.6) | 35 (22.4) | |
Decreased frequency of going out | ||||
Yes | 165 (13.7) | 141 (85.5) | 24 (14.5) | <0.001 |
No | 1039 (86.3) | 970 (93.4) | 69 (6.6) | |
Able to go upstairs without holding on to the handrail or the wall | ||||
Yes | 787 (65.4) | 752 (95.6) | 35 (4.4) | <0.001 |
No | 417 (34.6) | 359 (86.1) | 58 (13.9) | |
Able to stand up from chairs without holding on to anything | ||||
Yes | 954 (79.2) | 907 (95.1) | 47 (4.9) | <0.001 |
No | 250 (20.8) | 204 (81.6) | 46 (18.4) | |
History of falls in the past 1 year | ||||
Many times | 70 (5.8) | 59 (84.3) | 11 (15.7) | <0.001 |
Once | 217 (18.0) | 189 (87.1) | 28 (12.9) | |
No | 917 (76.2) | 863 (94.1) | 54 (5.9) | |
Concern about falls | ||||
Yes, very much | 522 (43.4) | 479 (91.8) | 43 (8.2) | 0.912 |
Yes, somewhat | 210 (17.4) | 195 (92.9) | 15 (7.1) | |
Only a little | 167 (13.9) | 157 (94.0) | 10 (6.0) | |
No | 305 (25.3) | 280 (91.8) | 25 (8.2) |
Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value d | Adj OR (95% CI) | p-Value d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Current financial situation | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||
Difficult | 4.18 (1.80, 9.70) | 0.001 c | 4.11 (1.67, 10.11) | 0.002 c |
Average | 1.76 (0.79, 3.95) | 0.168 c | 2.17 (0.92, 5.12) | 0.077 c |
Comfortable | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Current health status | <0.001 | 0.011 | ||
Good | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Fair | 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) | 0.006 c | 0.91 (0.55, 1.49) | 0.696 c |
Poor | 4.46 (2.28, 8.74) | <0.001 c | 3.15 (1.44, 6.87) | 0.004 c |
Difficulty hearing | ||||
Yes | 2.54 (1.65, 3.90) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.11, 2.83) | 0.017 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Difficulty walking, climbing steps, and carrying items | ||||
Yes | 4.13 (2.46, 6.94) | <0.001 | 1.77 (0.99, 3.14) | 0.046 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Limitation of activities in the past 6 months | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Severely limited | 26.90 (12.41, 58.33) | <0.001 c | 13.31 (5.61, 31.60) | <0.001 c |
Limited but not severe | 7.22 (4.05, 12.89) | <0.001 c | 5.06 (2.72, 9.40) | <0.001 c |
Not limited at all | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value d | Adj OR (95% CI) | p-Value d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feeding | ||||
Independent | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Dependent | 49.89 (5.52, 451.10) | <0.001 | 17.03 (1.72, 169.08) | 0.005 |
Able to stand up from chairs without holding on to anything | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 4.35 (2.82, 6.72) | <0.001 | 2.56 (1.56, 4.20) | <0.001 |
History of falls in the past year | <0.001 | 0.009 | ||
Many times | 2.98 (1.48, 6.00) | 0.002 c | 1.50 (0.69, 3.24) | 0.307 c |
Once | 2.37 (1.46, 3.84) | <0.001 c | 2.25 (1.36, 3.74) | 0.002 c |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Able to walk for 15 min without stopping | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 4.94 (3.12, 7.82) | <0.001 | 2.43 (1.43, 4.14) | 0.001 |
Able to pay bills | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 3.20 (2.09, 4.92) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.07, 2.85) | 0.026 |
Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value d | Adj OR (95% CI) | p-Value d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Limitation of activities in the past 6 months | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Severely limited | 26.90 (12.41, 58.33) | <0.001 c | 11.99 (5.04, 28.50) | <0.001 c |
Limited but not severe | 7.22 (4.05, 12.89) | <0.001 c | 4.86 (2.66, 8.87) | <0.001 c |
Not limited at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Difficulty of hearing | ||||
Yes | 2.54 (1.65, 3.90) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.11, 2.85) | 0.018 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Current financial situation | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||
Difficult | 4.18 (1.80, 9.70) | 0.001 c | 4.56 (1.83, 11.39) | 0.001 c |
Average | 1.76 (0.79, 3.95) | 0.168 c | 2.36 (0.99, 5.65) | 0.053 c |
Comfortable | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Feeding | ||||
Independent | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Dependent | 49.89 (5.52, 451.10) | <0.001 | 8.46 (0.82, 87.15) | 0.045 |
Able to walk for 15 min without stopping | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 4.94 (3.12, 7.82) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.14, 3.45) | 0.017 |
Able to stand up from chairs without holding on to anything | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 4.35 (2.82, 6.72) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.25, 3.41) | 0.005 |
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Safian, N.; Shah, S.A.; Mansor, J.; Mohammad, Z.; Nurumal, S.R.; Ibadullah, W.A.H.W.; Ahmad, S.; Shobugawa, Y. Factors Associated with the Need for Assistance among the Elderly in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020730
Safian N, Shah SA, Mansor J, Mohammad Z, Nurumal SR, Ibadullah WAHW, Ahmad S, Shobugawa Y. Factors Associated with the Need for Assistance among the Elderly in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020730
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafian, Nazarudin, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Juliana Mansor, Zulkefley Mohammad, Siti Rohani Nurumal, Wan Abdul Hannan Wan Ibadullah, Saharuddin Ahmad, and Yugo Shobugawa. 2021. "Factors Associated with the Need for Assistance among the Elderly in Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020730