Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Coping strategies are directly associated with QOL (H1).
- In terms of indirect effects through resilience, higher levels of coping strategies are associated with higher levels of resilience (H2), which in turn are associated with higher levels of QOL (H5).
- Similarly, indirect effects through social participation indicate that higher levels of coping strategies are associated with higher levels of social participation (H3), which in turn are associated with higher levels of QOL (H6).In terms of serial mediation, it has been hypothesized that coping strategies, resilience, social participation, and QOL affect each other sequentially. A more specific hypothesis is provided:
- High levels of coping strategies lead to high levels of resilience, which in turn lead to high levels of social participation, and ultimately lead to high levels of QOL (path analysis from H2, H4, to H6).
2. Method and Materials
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Research Tools
2.2.1. Coping Strategies
2.2.2. Resilience Scale
2.2.3. Social Participation
2.2.4. Quality of Life
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Groups | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
Educational Attainment | Elementary | 93 | 25 |
High School | 114 | 29 | |
College | 159 | 41 | |
Graduate | 26 | 7 | |
Marital Status | Single | 45 | 12 |
Married | 199 | 51 | |
Widow | 136 | 35 | |
Separated | 12 | 3 | |
Average Monthly Income 1 | Low (below 5000) | 92 | 24 |
Middle (5000 to 15,000) | 187 | 48 | |
High (above 15,000) | 113 | 29 | |
Health Status | 0 Chronic Disease | 120 | 31 |
1 Chronic Disease | 167 | 43 | |
2 Chronic Diseases | 44 | 11 | |
3 Chronic Diseases | 43 | 11 | |
4 Chronic Diseases | 18 | 5 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Quality of life | 1 | ||||||
2. Coping strategies | 0.18 ** | 1 | |||||
3. Resilience | 0.31 ** | 0.25 ** | 1 | ||||
4. Social participation | 0.45 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.28 ** | 1 | |||
5. Age | ns | 0.01 * | −0.10 * | ns | 1 | ||
6. SES | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 1 | |
7. Health status | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 1 |
Minimum value | 71 | 26 | 57 | 15 | 60 | 3000 | 0 |
Maximum value | 137 | 92 | 98 | 48 | 96 | 500,000 | 4 |
Mean | 112.51 | 60.33 | 82.55 | 35.68 | 69.27 | 16,307.33 | 1.16 |
SD | 9.03 | 9.56 | 11.77 | 6.52 | 6.50 | 34,371.66 | 1.12 |
Alpha reliability | 0.70 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
Direct Effects | B | SE | β | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A or H1: Coping strategies → Quality of life | 0.053 | 0.043 | 0.055 | [−0.02, 0.13] | 0.219 |
H2: Coping strategies → Resilience | 0.305 | 0.060 | 0.248 | [0.16, 0.34] | <0.001 |
H3: Coping strategies → Social participation | 0.071 | 0.034 | 0.103 | [0.02, 0.19] | 0.038 |
H5: Resilience → Quality of life | 0.164 | 0.035 | 0.211 | [0.13, 0.29] | <0.001 |
H4: Resilience → Social participation | 0.138 | 0.028 | 0.249 | [0.16, 0.33] | <0.001 |
H6: Social participation → Quality of life | 0.564 | 0.063 | 0.401 | [0.32, 0.48] | <0.001 |
Indirect Effects | B | SE | β | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parallel mediation | |||||
Coping strategies → Resilience → Social participation 1 | 0.042 | 0.013 | 0.062 | [0.02, 0.07] | 0.001 |
B: Coping strategies → Resilience → Quality of life 2 | 0.050 | 0.028 | 0.052 | [0.03, 0.08] | <0.001 |
C: Coping strategies → Social participation → Quality of life 2 | 0.040 | 0.019 | 0.041 | [0.01, 0.08] | 0.046 |
Resilience → Social participation → Quality of life 1 | 0.078 | 0.055 | 0.100 | [0.05, 0.11] | 0.001 |
Serial mediation | |||||
D: Coping strategies → Resilience → Social participation → Quality of life | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.062 | [0.01, 0.04] | <0.001 |
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Palmes, M.S.; Trajera, S.M.; Ching, G.S. Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910006
Palmes MS, Trajera SM, Ching GS. Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910006
Chicago/Turabian StylePalmes, Madonna S., Sheilla M. Trajera, and Gregory S. Ching. 2021. "Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910006