“Getting Used to It, but Still Unwelcome”: A Grounded Theory Study of Physical Identity Development in Later Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Theoretical Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Overview
3.2. Core Category: Physical Identity Shift in Later Life
3.3. Three Traits of Processes in Action/Interactional Strategies
3.3.1. Divergent Process
“It works almost like a spring or a tension… when you take your golf swing, you go back here, you come through. This is you take it back here, and you caulk here. And then when you swing through you, and it gives it a lot more speed, a lot more power”.
3.3.2. Convergent Process
3.3.3. Socioemotional Process
3.4. Age Subgroups and Underlying Health Conditions
3.4.1. Younger-Old Group (60s–70s Age Group)
“Every day, every, every day, and most of the time I feel like I should be doing more. But the business has eaten up my time. We can be in the office all day. So, we’re making a concerted effort both my wife and myself making a concerted effort to try to carve out time each day for us to do that”.
“He (my son) has now gotten me, we are working on different sections to give those muscles a chance to recuperate, where I would work on chest and arms over and over again, and what he is teaching me is that when I do that, I tear the muscle down, but I don’t give the muscles the chance to recover”.
“My biggest concern is that I am energetic enough and enthusiastic enough that I find it very, very easy to overdo it. I can go too far. And I feel like I’m not doing enough again, need to do more … And my wife is constantly reminding me that I’m doing too much I’m trying to do too much. That’s the biggest issue”.
3.4.2. Older-Old Group (80s Age Group)
“I am more careful because I’m in that very dangerous age group. And I do have heart failure, so I’m aware that atrial fibrillation… I’m aware that I’m vulnerable. So, I’m very cautious. When they tell me to stay at home, I stay at home. They want us to wear the mask, I wear a mask”.
3.4.3. Without Underlying Health Conditions
“Just to be active and play regularly … And I go to tournaments every once in a while. I play two, three, couple, three tournaments a year that come up, where you’re playing against people from other states or other towns. Some of those are goals to keep yourself ready, capable to participate in those events”.
“Now it’s got to be sort of a challenge to be able to hit that 33 separate times in the morning. Someday will be a day in the future, whether that’s going to be tomorrow, or when it’s going to be a year or two years from now three years from now, I will be able to hit that”.
“Also doing things and then not keeping them up is also painful. You go through the process of exercising and go through that soreness period, and then you stop. And then you have to start all over again and go through that whole process again”.
3.4.4. With Underlying Health Conditions
3.5. Conceptualization of Physical Identity Shift in Later Life
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Activities and Perceptions of Aging
4.2. Physical Identity Development through Exercise Engagement
4.3. Various Age Subgroups and Underlying Health Conditions
5. Limitations and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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60s–70s Age Group | 80s Age Group | |
---|---|---|
With Underlying Health Conditions | 72 years, pinched nerve in the back 76 years, heart failure, pacemaker 77 years, chronic back pain | 81 years, arthritis, osteoporosis, heart issue, replacement knee 83 years, scoliosis 83 years, vision impairment, heart failure 84 years, bad knee, feet issues, back pain 85 years, back issue 88 years, severe back problems, nerve pain 89 years, heart issue, hearing issue |
Without Underlying Health Conditions | 67 years 69 years | Analytical need for participants who were in their 80s without underlying conditions |
Elements of the Paradigm Model | Categories |
---|---|
Phenomenon | Physical identity shift in later life |
Causal conditions | Physical signs of aging, pain or distress from chronic disease, a higher probability of injury, life-changing events |
Context | Personal trajectory in the physical domain, personal inclination for exercise or body image, affordability, life responsibility |
Intervening conditions (inhibitor) | Emotional distress, age-related stereotype, private self-consciousness, activity restriction |
Intervening conditions (facilitator) | Physical aspiration, social exerciser, positive physical outcome, dutifulness, competence, empathy, supports, driving mobility, younger subjective age, public self-consciousness, resilience, longingness |
Action/Interactional Strategies | Determination, self-discipline, deliberation, achievement striving, active experimentation, immersion, routinization, self-cognizance, reconciliation, moderation, adaptation, transcendence, social interaction, retrospection |
Consequences | Evaluation of their own physical identity (satisfaction or ambivalence regarding their physical identity), transcendental views |
Pseudonym | Gender | Age | Main Activity | Levels of Physical Activity | Exercise Status/Preference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sherry | Female | 85 | Senior exercise program, gym, walking, water aerobics | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Karolyn | Female | 83 | Self-workout at home, Senior exercise program, walking | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Meghan | Female | 77 | Senior exercise program, self-workout at home, walking | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Bonnie | Female | 81 | Senior exercise program, walking, water aerobics | Highly active | Active living, social exerciser |
Sean | Male | 69 | Golf, gym | Highly active | Solitary exerciser (but engaged in social exercise groups) |
Nicole | Female | 84 | Senior exercise program, water aerobics, walking | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Artie | Female | 72 | Senior exercise program, walking, swimming | Active | Active living, solitary exercise |
Tacey | Female | 88 | Senior exercise program, walking, water aerobics | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Kayla | Female | 89 | Senior exercise program, walking | Active | Active living, social exerciser |
Emilia | Female | 83 | Senior exercise program, gym | Active | Social exerciser |
Stanley | Male | 76 | Golf, walking, self-workout at home | Highly active | Active living, solitary exerciser |
Annika | Female | 67 | Walking, self-workout at home | Highly active | Active living, solitary exerciser |
Clifford | Male | 84 | Golf, gym, walking | Highly active | Social exerciser |
Diane | Female | 74 | Walking, golf, cycling | Active | Solitary exerciser |
Elvin | Male | 81 | Self-workout at home, golf, walking | Highly active | Active living, social exerciser |
Trait of Process | Categories | Definition |
---|---|---|
Divergent | Determination | Strong decision to continue trying to do something despite the difficulty |
Self-discipline | Ability to begin the exercise-related tasks and carry them through to the goal achievement | |
Deliberation | Careful consideration before taking action or situations that occur | |
Achievement striving | Attitude of seeking improvement to reach a goal with a lot of effort | |
Active experimentation | Process of trying out a new idea or method to find out more effective ways | |
Immersion | Engrossment or active involvement in that activity | |
Routinization | Practice of regularly performing activities that are performed as a normal part of daily life | |
Convergent | Self-cognizance | Realization of one’s own physical and mental conditions and abilities |
Reconciliation | Process of finding a way between seemingly opposite things in which both can be successful | |
Moderation | Acting in a way that is not extreme | |
Adaptation | Act of changing personal behaviors or beliefs to adapt to a new situation or purpose | |
Transcendence | Insight or way of behaving that lie beyond the practical experience of ordinary people, and cannot be understood by ordinary reasoning | |
Socioemotional (throughout the process) | Social interaction | Belief based on the notion that meanings are shared and constructed between people |
Retrospection | Act of recalling things in the past, especially in one’s personal experience about physical activities |
Property | Definition of Property |
---|---|
Extroversion | A tendency to be outgoing, talkative, and exhibit energetic behavior |
Individual orientation | A tendency to emphasize one’s personal goals and achievement |
Divergent thinking | A thought process distinguished by exploring multiple ideas to generate new possible solutions to problems |
Enthusiasm | Great eagerness to be involved in a particular activity that one enjoys or thinks is important |
Vitality | A state of being strong, active, and enthusiastic |
Property | Definition of Property |
---|---|
Precaution | An action that is intended to prevent dangerous or unpleasant situations from happening |
Reliance on experts | A tendency to do things and make decisions with advice from experts in terms of physical activity and health |
Convergent thinking | A thought process of integration based on existing knowledge and experiences to come up with a single, well-established answer |
Resignation | Acceptance with reluctant feelings, but knowing that something cannot be changed |
Property | Definition of Property |
---|---|
Enthusiasm | Great eagerness to be involved in a particular activity that one enjoys or thinks is important |
Divergent thinking | A thought process distinguished by exploring multiple ideas to generate new possible solutions to problems |
Extroversion | A tendency to be outgoing, talkative, and do energetic behavior |
Property | Definitions of Property |
---|---|
Convergent thinking | A thought process of integration of existing knowledge and experiences to come up with a single, well-established answer |
Communion | A state of a sense by which one shares or exchanges intimate thoughts and feelings with others |
Reliance on experts | A tendency to do things and make decisions as advised by experts |
Resignation | Acceptance with reluctant feelings, but knowing that something cannot be changed |
Wistfulness | A state of a sense of missing something that one can never regain |
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Jin, B.; Roumell, E.A. “Getting Used to It, but Still Unwelcome”: A Grounded Theory Study of Physical Identity Development in Later Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189557
Jin B, Roumell EA. “Getting Used to It, but Still Unwelcome”: A Grounded Theory Study of Physical Identity Development in Later Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189557
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Bora, and Elizabeth A. Roumell. 2021. "“Getting Used to It, but Still Unwelcome”: A Grounded Theory Study of Physical Identity Development in Later Life" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189557