COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks: Does It Influence Vaccine Hesitancy?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total N (%) | Taken at Least One Dose of the Vaccine | Not Taken, but Plan to Take the Vaccine | Do Not Want to Take the Vaccine | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Participants | 1602 (100) | 1277 (79) | 159 (10) | 166 (11) | ||
Sex | Male | 1034 (65) | 830 (80) | 95 (9) | 109 (11) | 0.28 |
Female | 552 (35) | 435 (79) | 64 (11) | 53 (10) | ||
Race | White | 1293 (81) | 1040 (80) | 134 (10) | 119 (9) | 0.007 |
African-American | 161 (10) | 121 (75) | 11 (7) | 29 (18) | ||
Asian | 86 (5) | 69 (80) | 10 (12) | 7 (8) | ||
Other | 62 (4) | 47 (76) | 4 (7) | 11 (18) | ||
Ethnicity | Hispanic | 459 (29) | 415 (90) | 18 (4) | 26 (6) | 0.01 |
Non-Hispanic | 1127 (70) | 850 (75) | 141 (13) | 136 (12) | ||
Age Group | 18–25 years | 199 (12) | 162 (81) | 23 (12) | 14 (7) | 0.51 |
26–35 years | 704 (44) | 558 (79) | 67 (10) | 79 (11) | ||
36–45 years | 343 (21) | 282 (82) | 30 (9) | 31 (9) | ||
46–59 years | 243 (15) | 185 (76) | 29 (12) | 29 (12) | ||
≥60 years | 95 (6) | 77 (81) | 10 (11) | 8 (8) | ||
Marital Status | Single/never married | 317 (20) | 212 (67) | 52 (16) | 53 (17) | <0.001 |
Married | 1174 (73) | 993 (85) | 89 (8) | 92 (7) | ||
Engaged/living with a partner | 46 (3) | 25 (54) | 11 (24) | 10 (22) | ||
Divorced/separated/widow | 49 (3) | 35 (71) | 7 (14) | 7 (15) | ||
Education | High school or less | 90 (6) | 44 (49) | 12 (13) | 34 (38) | <0.001 |
Some college experience | 149 (9) | 93 (62) | 27 (18) | 29 (20) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 992 (62) | 822 (83) | 96 (10) | 74 (8) | ||
≥Master’s degree | 355 (22) | 306 (86) | 24 (7) | 25 (7) | ||
Current Employment Status | Full-time | 1393 (87) | 1121 (81) | 137 (10) | 135 (9) | 0.12 |
Part-time | 116 (7) | 91 (78) | 10 (9) | 15 (13) | ||
Not employed | 77 (5) | 53 (69) | 12 (16) | 12 (16) | ||
Area of Residence | Rural | 495 (31) | 428 (86) | 34 (7) | 33 (7) | 0.01 |
Urban | 802 (50) | 635 (79) | 96 (12) | 71 (9) | ||
Suburban | 289 (18) | 202 (70) | 29 (10) | 58 (20) | ||
Political Affiliation | Democrat | 968 (61) | 802 (83) | 98 (10) | 68 (7) | 0.01 |
Republican | 426 (27) | 340 (80) | 33 (8) | 53 (12) | ||
Independent | 172 (11) | 113 (60) | 24 (14) | 35 (20) | ||
Other | 20 (1) | 10 (50) | 4 (20) | 6 (30 | ||
COVID-19 infection among family/friends | Yes, one person | 645 (40) | 574 (89) | 31 (5) | 40 (6) | <0.001 |
Yes, more than one person | 659 (41) | 532 (81) | 72 (11) | 55 (8) | ||
No one in family or friends had COVID-19 | 298 (19) | 171 (57) | 56 (19) | 71 (24) | ||
COVID-19 hospitalization of family/friends | Yes, one person | 704 (44) | 630 (90) | 39 (6) | 35 (5) | <0.001 |
Yes, more than one person | 481 (31) | 406 (84) | 43 (9) | 32 (7) | ||
No one in family or friends hospitalized | 417 (26) | 241 (58) | 77 (19) | 99 (24) | ||
COVID-19 related death in family/friends | Yes, one person | 635 (40) | 573 (90) | 31 (5) | 31 (5) | <0.001 |
Yes, more than one person | 358 (22) | 308 (86) | 31 (9) | 19 (5) | ||
No one in family or friends died of COVID | 609 (38) | 396 (65) | 97 (16) | 116 (19) |
COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks | Probability of Vaccine Refusal | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 AOR (95% CI) | ||
COVID-19 infection among family/friends | Yes | Ref 3.98 (2.84–5.59) * | Ref 3.20 (2.21–4.61) * |
No | |||
COVID-19 related hospitalizations among family/friends | Yes | Ref 5.20 (3.72–7.26) * | Ref 3.60 (2.48–5.21) * |
No | |||
COVID-19 related deaths among family members/friends | Yes | Ref 4.43 (3.13–6.30) * | Ref 2.97 (2.03–4.36) * |
No |
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Khubchandani, J.; Sharma, S.; Price, J.H.; Wiblishauser, M.J.; Webb, F.J. COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks: Does It Influence Vaccine Hesitancy? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189448
Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Price JH, Wiblishauser MJ, Webb FJ. COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks: Does It Influence Vaccine Hesitancy? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189448
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhubchandani, Jagdish, Sushil Sharma, James H. Price, Michael J. Wiblishauser, and Fern J. Webb. 2021. "COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks: Does It Influence Vaccine Hesitancy?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189448
APA StyleKhubchandani, J., Sharma, S., Price, J. H., Wiblishauser, M. J., & Webb, F. J. (2021). COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Social Networks: Does It Influence Vaccine Hesitancy? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189448