The Association of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Services with the Self-Rated Health of Spanish Homelessness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Personal Variables and Self-Rated Health
1.2. Interpersonal Relationships, Social Services Support and SRH
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrument
- How long have you been living without accommodation that you can consider your home? We refer to the time that you have been homeless, that is, sleeping on the street, in a shelter or from one pension to another (time being homeless). Participants had to write down how many years and months they had been in that situation; if it took less than one year, they had to point the number of months.
- Family and social relationships. This section had two items: (1) In general, do you have a family member with whom you have contact from time to time, either in person and/or through the phone, mail, or internet? The response options were two, Yes or No; and (2) Do you usually spend most of the day alone or do you often spend time together with other people? The response options were also two, I spend most of the day alone, or I spend most of the day with other people.
- Use of services. The question was, “In the last six months of the services or benefits mentioned below, could you say which ones you have used?” The response options were day center, health center or hospital, and mental health center. Each question had two response options: Yes or No.
- Perception of being helped from social services. The question asked, “Please tell me considering your experience if social services have helped you” and had four options: None, Low, Sufficient, or High.
- Health perception. The question was, “In general, how would you say your health is?”, with five answer options: Very good, Good, Regular, Bad, or Very bad.
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Personal Variables and SRH
4.2. Interpersonal Relationships and SRH
4.3. Social Services Support and SRH
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Categories | Variables | Bad vs. Non-Bad | |
---|---|---|---|
β a | O.R. b | ||
Personal variables | Gender (female) | 0.89 [−0.28, 0.46] | 1.09 |
Time being homeless c | 0.004 [−0.005, 0.15] | 1.004 | |
Interpersonal relationships | Family relationships | −0.40 ** [−0.81, −0.009] | 0.67 |
Spending the day alone | 0.30 [−0.45, 0.65] | 1.35 | |
Use of social services and perceived help | Use of mental health services | 0.57 ** [0.23, 0.92] | 1.77 ** |
Use of health care services | 1.05 ** [0.46, 1.58] | 2.86 ** | |
Use of day center | −1.06 ** [−1.74, −0.38] | 0.35 ** | |
Perceived help by social services | |||
Low | −0.52 [−1.08, 0.32] | 0.59 | |
Sufficient | −0.67 ** [−1.22, 0.12] | 0.51 ** | |
High | −0.60 ** [−1.16, 0.04] | 0.99 ** | |
Constant | −1.36 ** [−2.23,−0.54] | 0.25 ** | |
L2 | 56.40 (0.0000) | ||
Sample size | 1382 |
Categories | Variables | Good vs. Non-Good | |
---|---|---|---|
β a | O.R. b | ||
Personal variables | Gender (female) | 0.02 [−0.24, 0.28] | 1.02 |
Time being homeless c | −0.01 ** [−0.02, −0.004] | 0.98 ** | |
Interpersonal relationships | Family relationships | 0.22 [−0.09, 0.53] | 1.25 |
Spending the day alone | −0.39 ** [−0.64, −0.15] | 0.67 ** | |
Use of social services and perceived help | Use of mental health services | −0.62 ** [−0.87, −0.37] | 0.53 ** |
Use of health care services | −0.92 ** [−1.21, −0.62] | 0.40 ** | |
Use of day center | 0.46 [−0.07, 0.99] | 1.58 | |
Perceived help by social services | |||
Low | 0.001 [−0.43, 0.43] | 1.001 | |
Sufficient | 0.24 [−0.19, 0.66] | 1.27 | |
High | 0.27 [−0.16, 0.70] | 1.31 | |
Constant | 0.60 [−0.06, 1.26] | 1.82 | |
L2 | 108.91 (0.0000) | ||
Sample size | 1382 |
Categories | Variables | β a | O.R. b |
---|---|---|---|
Personal variables | Gender (female) | 0.05 [−0.24, 0.28] | 1.004 |
Time being homeless c | 0.01 ** [−0.02, −0.004] | 1.002 ** | |
Interpersonal Relationships | Family relationships | 0.25 [−0.09, 0.53] | 0.78 |
Spending the day alone | 0.37 ** [−0.64, −0.15] | 1.44 ** | |
Use of social services and perceived help | Use of mental health services | 0.63 ** [−0.87, −0.37] | 1.87 ** |
Use of health care services | 0.93 ** [−1.21, −0.62] | 2.53 ** | |
Use of day center | −0.62 ** [−0.07, 0.99] | 0.54 ** | |
Perceived help by social services | |||
Low | −0.02 [−0.43, 0.43] | 0.85 | |
Sufficient | −0.37 [−0.19, 0.66] | 0.69 | |
High | −0.40 [−0.16, 0.70] | 0.68 | |
L2 | 116.27 (0.0000) | ||
Sample size | 1382 |
Categories | Variables | “Regular” vs. “Good” | “Bad” vs. “Good” |
---|---|---|---|
β a | β a | ||
Personal variables | Gender (female) | −0.84 [−0.28, 0.19] | 0.39 [−0.24, 0.32] |
Time being homeless b | 0.01 ** [0.004, 0.02] | 0.008 [−0.004, 0.02] | |
Interpersonal Relationships | Family relationships | −0.10 [−0.38, 0.18] | −0.34 ** [−0.66, −0.03] |
Spending the day alone | 0.31 [0.08, 0.53] | 0.34 ** [0.08, 0.61] | |
Use of social services and perceived help | Use of mental health services | 0.46 ** [0.23, 0.68] | 0.59 ** [0.32, 0.85] |
Use of health care services | 0.65 ** [0.39, 0.91] | 0.95 ** [0.60, 1.30] | |
Use of day center | −0.13 [−0.63, 0.37] | −0.77 ** [−1.31, 0.24] | |
Perceived help by social services | |||
Low | 0.16 [−0.23, 0.56] | −0.29 [−0.73, 0.15] | |
Sufficient | −0.02 [−0.41, 0.36] | −0.46 ** [−0.91, 0.05] | |
High | −0.07 [−0.47, 0.32] | −0.44 ** [−0.88, 0.002] | |
Constant | −1.11 ** [−1.73,−0.49] | −0.94 ** [−1.60,−0.28] | |
Log likelihood | −1236.8535 (0.0000) | ||
Sample size | 1382 |
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Variable (IV) | N (number of observations) | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender (female) | 336 | 24.31% |
Family relationships a | 1170 | 84.66% |
Spending the day alone a | 392 | 28.36% |
Use of health care services a | 1036 | 74.96% |
Use of mental health services a | 403 | 29.16% |
Use of day centers a | 1307 | 94.57% |
Perceived level of help from social services | ||
None | 141 | 10.20% |
Low | 352 | 25.50% |
Sufficient | 475 | 34.39% |
High | 413 | 29.91% |
Variable(IV) | Mean (years) | S.D. |
Time being homeless | 4.3602 | 5.9966 |
Explained variable (DV) | N (number of observations) | Percentage |
Good health | 796 | 56.70% |
Regular health | 409 | 29.59% |
Bad health | 177 | 12.81% |
Variables (IV) | “Regular” vs. “Good” RR b [IC (95%)] | “Bad” vs. “Good” RR b [IC (95%)] |
---|---|---|
Gender (female) | 1.04 [0.79, 1.37] | 1.16 [0.80, 1.68] |
Time being homeless a | 1.02 ** [1.01, 1.02] | 1.01 ** [1.00, 1.03] |
Family relationships | 0.85 [0.61, 1.19] | 0.56 ** [0.37, 0.84] |
Spending the day alone | 1.39 ** [1.07, 1.81] | 1.61 ** [1.13, 2.27] |
Use of mental health services | 2.05 ** [1.58, 2.66] | 2.57 ** [1.83, 3.62] |
Use of health care services | 2.29 ** [1.70, 3.09] | 2.97 ** [1.88, 4.68] |
Use of day center | 1.40 [0.78, 2.52] | 0.57 [0.32, 1.05] |
Perceived help by social services | ||
Low | 1.28 [0.80, 2.06] | 0.60 [0.34, 1.05] |
Sufficient | 1.12 [0.71, 1.78] | 0.52 ** [0.31, 0.89] |
High | 1.03 [0.64, 1.66] | 0.52 ** [0.30, 0.89] |
Categories | Variables (IV) | “Regular” vs. “Good” | “Bad” vs. “Good” | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β a | R.R. b | β | R.R. | ||
Personal variables | Gender (female) | −0.06 [−0.35, 0.24] | 0.94 | 0.07 [−0.32, 0.46] | 1.07 |
Time being homeless c | 0.014 ** [0.00, 0.02] | 1.01 ** | 0.01 ** [0.00, 0.02] | 1.01 ** | |
Interpersonal relationships | Family relationships | −0.12 [−0.47, 0.23] | 0.89 | −0.45 ** [−0.88, −0.01] | 0.64 ** |
Spending the day alone | 0.37 ** [0.10, 0.65] | 1.45 ** | 0.45 ** [0.08, 0.82] | 1.57 ** | |
Use of social services and perceived help | Use of mental health services | 0.55 ** [0.27, 0.83] | 1.73 ** | 0.79 ** [0.43, 1.16] | 2.21 ** |
Use of health care services | 0.78 ** [0.46, 1.11] | 2.19 ** | 1.30 ** [0.77, 1.83] | 3.67 ** | |
Use of day center | −0.11 [−0.75, 0.53] | 0.89 | −1.10 ** [−1.82, −0.39] | 0.33 ** | |
Perceived help by social services | |||||
Low | 0.23 [−0.27, 0.73] | 1.26 | −0.43 [−1.02, 0.15] | 0.64 | |
Sufficient | 0.00 [−0.49, 0.49] | 0.99 | −0.68 ** [−1.25, −0.09] | 0.51 ** | |
High | −0.06 [−0.56, 0.43] | 0.99 | −0.63 ** [−1.22,−0.04] | 0.53 ** | |
Constant | −1.45 ** [−2.18,−0.72] | 0.25 ** | −1.12 ** [−1.90,−0.35] | 0.30 ** | |
L2 | 128.59 (0.0000) | ||||
Sample size | 1382 |
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Fajardo-Bullón, F.; Pérez-Mayo, J.; Esnaola, I. The Association of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Services with the Self-Rated Health of Spanish Homelessness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179392
Fajardo-Bullón F, Pérez-Mayo J, Esnaola I. The Association of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Services with the Self-Rated Health of Spanish Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179392
Chicago/Turabian StyleFajardo-Bullón, Fernando, Jesús Pérez-Mayo, and Igor Esnaola. 2021. "The Association of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Services with the Self-Rated Health of Spanish Homelessness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179392