Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Analysis
3.2. General Characteristics of Bicycle Crashes
3.3. Bivariate Analysis
3.3.1. Environmental Factors
3.3.2. Time Factors
3.3.3. Road Factors
3.3.4. Bicyclist Factors
3.4. Logistic Regression Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Num. | Description | Values | Num. | Description | Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Day of Week | Weekend | 7 | Speed limit | ≤25 mph |
Weekday | >25 mph | ||||
2 | Season | Winter | 8 | Collision type | Going straight |
Spring | Turning | ||||
Summer | Other roads | ||||
Fall | 10 | Gender | Male | ||
3 | Time of Day | 8 p.m.–6 a.m. | Female | ||
6 a.m.–8 p.m. | 11 | Age | ≤18 | ||
4 | Lighting condition | Daylight | 19–64 | ||
Dark | ≥65 | ||||
5 | Weather condition | Rain | 12 | Ethnicity | Non-Hispanic |
No rain | 13 | Helmet status | Wearing | ||
6 | Intersection presence | Yes | Not wearing | ||
No |
All Bicyclists | Not at Fault | At Fault | On Facility | Off Facility | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | |
Overall | 1528 | 7.9 | 47.4 | 959 | 8.7 | 48.6 | 569 | 6.7 | 45.5 | 296 | 9.1 | 56.4 | 955 | 8.4 | 46.6 |
Daylight | 1061 | 6.4 | 45.4 | 640 | 6.6 | 45.6 | 421 | 6.2 | 45.1 | 199 | 9.0 | 55.3 | 644 | 6.5 | 44.9 |
Dark | 417 | 12.0 | 50.6 | 286 | 13.3 | 52.1 | 131 | 9.1 | 47.3 | 87 | 8.0 | 57.5 | 282 | 13.1 | 48.9 |
Rain | 49 | 12.2 | 40.8 | 38 | 13.2 | 36.8 | 11 | 9.1 | 54.5 | 5 | NA | 40.0 | 35 | 8.6 | 40.0 |
No rain | 1473 | 7.8 | 47.7 | 915 | 8.6 | 49.1 | 558 | 6.6 | 45.3 | 290 | 9.3 | 56.6 | 916 | 8.4 | 46.9 |
Highway/FM | 202 | 10.4 | 52.5 | 143 | 12.6 | 54.5 | 59 | 5.1 | 47.5 | 20 | 10.2 | 54.8 | 180 | 10.5 | 52.2 |
Other roads | 1299 | 7.3 | 46.6 | 700 | 8.1 | 48.2 | 499 | 7.0 | 36.8 | 273 | 8.8 | 54.5 | 747 | 7.6 | 45.0 |
≤25 mph | 202 | 5.4 | 40.6 | 210 | 8.1 | 46.2 | 70 | 5.7 | 41.4 | 17 | 5.9 | 58.8 | 71 | 9.9 | 38.0 |
>25 mph | 1202 | 8.2 | 48.3 | 749 | 8.8 | 49.3 | 453 | 7.3 | 46.6 | 264 | 9.5 | 56.8 | 816 | 8.3 | 47.2 |
Weekend | 353 | 11.3 | 49.5 | 242 | 12.8 | 52.9 | 111 | 8.1 | 42.4 | 70 | 14.3 | 57.2 | 217 | 12.0 | 49.3 |
Weekday | 1175 | 6.9 | 46.8 | 717 | 7.3 | 47.2 | 458 | 6.3 | 46.3 | 226 | 7.5 | 56.2 | 738 | 7.3 | 45.8 |
Inter/Y | 754 | 6.8 | 47.7 | 523 | 7.8 | 47.5 | 318 | 5.3 | 48.1 | 208 | 7.7 | 54.3 | 513 | 6.6 | 46.6 |
Inter/N | 774 | 9.0 | 47.2 | 436 | 9.4 | 49.5 | 251 | 8.4 | 42.2 | 88 | 12.5 | 61.4 | 442 | 10.4 | 46.6 |
Winter | 319 | 6.9 | 43.3 | 213 | 7.5 | 45.1 | 106 | 5.7 | 39.6 | 58 | 3.4 | 50.0 | 203 | 8.4 | 44.8 |
Spring | 421 | 6.9 | 45.1 | 252 | 6.3 | 43.4 | 169 | 7.7 | 47.9 | 81 | 8.6 | 58.0 | 270 | 6.3 | 43.3 |
Summer | 384 | 9.4 | 52.6 | 233 | 10.7 | 54.9 | 151 | 7.3 | 49.0 | 81 | 12.3 | 56.8 | 242 | 9.5 | 51.2 |
Fall | 404 | 8.4 | 48.3 | 261 | 10.0 | 51.0 | 143 | 5.6 | 43.4 | 76 | 10.5 | 59.2 | 240 | 9.6 | 47.1 |
8 p.m.–6 a.m. | 322 | 13.0 | 52.5 | 219 | 13.7 | 7.2 | 103 | 11.7 | 49.5 | 76 | 11.8 | 52.6 | 212 | 14.2 | 51.4 |
6 a.m.–8 p.m. | 1206 | 6.6 | 46.1 | 740 | 7.2 | 47.0 | 466 | 5.6 | 44.6 | 220 | 8.2 | 57.7 | 743 | 6.7 | 45.2 |
Straight | 1034 | 8.8 | 47.8 | 604 | 9.9 | 48.0 | 430 | 7.2 | 47.4 | 183 | 10.4 | 60.1 | 637 | 9.6 | 46.8 |
Turning | 457 | 6.6 | 48.1 | 330 | 7.0 | 50.9 | 127 | 5.5 | 40.9 | 113 | 7.1 | 50.4 | 300 | 6.4 | 47.6 |
All Bicyclists | Not at Fault | At Fault | On Facility | Off Facility | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | N | KA | KAB | |
Overall | 1539 | 7.9 | 47.6 | 966 | 8.6 | 48.7 | 573 | 6.6 | 45.6 | 296 | 9.1 | 56.4 | 963 | 8.4 | 46.6 |
Helmet/Yes | 224 | 7.1 | 44.2 | 173 | 8.7 | 46.8 | 51 | 2.0 | 35.3 | 61 | 6.6 | 50.8 | 134 | 9.0 | 42.5 |
Helmet/No | 1156 | 8.4 | 49.7 | 684 | 8.9 | 49.7 | 472 | 7.6 | 49.6 | 210 | 10.5 | 60.0 | 719 | 8.6 | 49.1 |
Helmet/NA | 159 | 5.0 | 37.1 | 109 | 6.4 | 45.0 | 50 | 2.0 | 20.0 | 25 | 4.0 | 40.0 | 110 | 5.5 | 37.3 |
Gender/M | 1306 | 8.0 | 46.9 | 813 | 8.6 | 47.8 | 493 | 6.9 | 45.2 | 250 | 9.6 | 54.4 | 816 | 8.3 | 46.4 |
Gender/F | 220 | 7.7 | 54.5 | 149 | 8.7 | 54.4 | 71 | 5.6 | 54.9 | 44 | 6.8 | 70.5 | 136 | 8.8 | 52.9 |
Age/≤ 18 | 450 | 4.5 | 47.9 | 254 | 4.7 | 47.1 | 193 | 4.7 | 49.7 | 73 | 4.1 | 57.5 | 286 | 5.2 | 47.9 |
Age/19–64 | 977 | 9.7 | 49.6 | 655 | 10.2 | 50.1 | 317 | 8.5 | 48.6 | 195 | 12.3 | 59.0 | 604 | 9.9 | 47.2 |
Age/≥ 65 | 39 | 12.8 | 53.8 | 24 | 12.5 | 54.2 | 15 | 13.3 | 53.3 | 11 | NA | 63.6 | 25 | 20.0 | 44.0 |
Ethnicity/Non-Hisp | 666 | 10.2 | 49.1 | 453 | 11.5 | 50.0 | 213 | 7.5 | 46.5 | 113 | 13.3 | 64.6 | 408 | 11.3 | 49.0 |
Ethnicity/Hispanic | 827 | 6.2 | 47.4 | 490 | 5.9 | 46.9 | 337 | 6.5 | 48.1 | 174 | 7.0 | 52.3 | 526 | 6.5 | 46.8 |
All Bicyclists (KA) | All Bicyclists (KAB) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Reference | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR |
Intercept 1 | −1.90 *** | 0.53 | −0.04 | 0.30 | |||
Daylight | Dark | −0.51 * | 0.22 | 0.6 | −0.25 . | 0.13 | 0.8 |
Rain | No-Rain | −0.56 | 0.74 | 0.6 | −0.52 | 0.33 | 0.6 |
Other roads | Highway/FM | −0.55 . | 0.29 | 0.6 | −0.16 | 0.19 | 0.9 |
Weekend | Weekday | 0.45 * | 0.22 | 1.6 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 1.1 |
Speed limit >25 | Speed limit ≤25 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 1.3 | 0.36 * | 0.17 | 1.4 |
Turning | Straight | −0.30 | 0.24 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 1.1 |
8 p.m.–6 a.m. | 6 a.m.–8 p.m. | 0.23 | 0.25 | 1.3 | −0.10 | 0.13 | 0.9 |
Spring | Fall | −0.04 | 0.29 | 1.0 | −0.07 | 0.15 | 0.9 |
Summer | Fall | 0.18 | 0.27 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 1.2 |
Winter | Fall | −0.22 | 0.31 | 0.8 | −0.19 | 0.16 | 0.8 |
Intersection_Yes | Intersection_No | −0.39 · | 0.21 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 1.0 |
Intercept 2 | −3.27 *** | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.17 | |||
Helmet_Yes | Helmet_No | −0.43 | 0.29 | 0.7 | −0.30 * | 0.15 | 0.7 |
Helmet_NA | Helmet_No | −0.54 | 0.41 | 0.6 | −0.18 | 0.19 | 0.8 |
Male | Female | 0.10 | 0.28 | 1.1 | −0.29 · | 0.15 | 0.8 |
Age 19–64 | Age ≤18 | 0.78 ** | 0.25 | 2.2 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 1.1 |
Age ≥65 | Age ≤18 | 1.16 * | 0.54 | 3.2 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 1.4 |
Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | 0.52 ** | 0.20 | 1.7 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 1.1 |
Bicyclist at Fault | Bicyclist Not at Fault | On Facility | Off Facility | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Reference | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR |
Intercept 1 | −2.5 ** | 0.93 | −1.71 * | 0.68 | −3.46 * | 1.53 | −2.21 ** | 0.74 | |||||
Daylight | Dark | −0.34 | 0.36 | 0.7 | −0.57 * | 0.28 | 0.6 | −0.35 | 0.56 | 0.7 | −0.59 * | 0.27 | 0.6 |
Rain | No-Rain | −0.51 | 1.08 | 0.6 | −0.47 | 1.04 | 0.6 | −0.86 | 1.04 | 0.4 | |||
Other roads | Highway | −0.57 | 0.50 | 0.6 | −0.54 | 0.38 | 0.6 | 0.27 | 1.09 | 1.3 | −0.56 | 0.38 | 0.6 |
Weekend | Weekday | 0.78 * | 0.36 | 2.2 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 1.3 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 1.6 | 0.49 . | 0.28 | 1.6 |
Speed limit >25 | Speed limit ≤25 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 1.1 | −0.20 | 0.69 | 0.8 | 0.89 . | 0.54 | 2.4 |
Turning | Straight | −0.40 | 0.41 | 0.7 | −0.23 | 0.31 | 0.8 | −1.01 | 0.79 | 0.4 | −0.08 | 0.29 | 0.9 |
8 p.m.–6 a.m. | 6 a.m.–8 p.m. | 0.58 | 0.47 | 1.8 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 1.2 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 2.3 | 0.07 | 0.31 | 1.1 |
Spring | Fall | −0.28 | 0.51 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 1.1 | 0.44 | 0.81 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 1.0 |
Summer | Fall | 0.51 | 0.43 | 1.7 | −0.04 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 2.4 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 1.1 |
Winter | Fall | 0.14 | 0.48 | 1.2 | −0.41 | 0.42 | 0.7 | 0.29 | 0.88 | 1.3 | −0.3 | 0.39 | 0.7 |
Intersection_Yes | Intersection_No | −0.72 * | 0.36 | 0.5 | −0.15 | 0.27 | 0.9 | −0.19 | 0.57 | 0.8 | −0.59 * | 0.27 | 0.6 |
Intercept 2 | −3.26 *** | 0.62 | −3.32 *** | 0.44 | −3.88 *** | 0.86 | −3.04 *** | 0.41 | |||||
Helmet_Yes | Helmet_No | −1.61 | 1.03 | 0.2 | −0.29 | 0.31 | 0.8 | −0.84 | 0.58 | 0.4 | −0.24 | 0.34 | 0.8 |
Helmet_NA | Helmet_No | −0.97 | 1.04 | 0.4 | −0.46 | 0.45 | 0.6 | −0.77 | 1.06 | 0.5 | −0.39 | 0.45 | 0.7 |
Male | Female | 0.30 | 0.55 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 1.0 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 2.0 | −0.05 | 0.33 | 1.0 |
Age 19–64 | Age ≤18 | 0.71 · | 0.40 | 2.0 | 0.81 * | 0.33 | 2.3 | 1.25 · | 0.86 | 3.5 | 0.66 * | 0.30 | 1.9 |
Age ≥65 | Age ≤18 | 1.29 | 0.85 | 3.6 | 1.09 | 0.70 | 3.0 | 1.52 ** | 0.58 | 4.6 | |||
Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | 0.15 | 0.35 | 1.2 | 0.69 ** | 0.25 | 2.0 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 1.7 | 0.54 * | 0.24 | 1.7 |
Bicyclist at Fault | Bicyclist not at Fault | On Facility | Off Facility | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Reference | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR | Estimates | Std Error | OR |
Intercept 1 | 0.12 | 0.50 | −0.24 | 0.38 | −1.07 | 0.72 | −0.10 | 0.38 | |||||
Daylight | Dark | −0.34 | 0.21 | 0.7 | −0.20 | 0.16 | 1.0 | −0.22 | 0.30 | 0.8 | −0.20 | 0.16 | 0.8 |
Rain | No-Rain | −0.24 | 0.48 | 0.8 | −0.77 | 0.47 | 0.5 | −0.56 | 0.75 | 0.6 | −0.95 | 0.45 | 0.4 |
Other roads | Highway | −0.26 | 0.33 | 0.8 | −0.04 | 0.23 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 1.0 |
Weekend | Weekday | 0.20 | 0.22 | 1.2 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 1.0 | 0.72 * | 0.32 | 2.1 | −0.06 | 0.17 | 1.0 |
Speed limit >25 | Speed limit ≤25 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 1.3 | 0.45 * | 0.22 | 1.6 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 1.0 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 1.6 |
Turning | Straight | −0.14 | 0.21 | 0.9 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 1.2 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 1.3 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 1.1 |
8 p.m.–6 a.m. | 6 a.m.–8 p.m. | 0.02 | 0.22 | 1.0 | −0.14 | 0.16 | 0.9 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 1.4 | −0.35 | 0.16 | 0.7 |
Spring | Fall | −0.12 | 0.25 | 0.9 | −0.06 | 0.20 | 1.0 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 1.3 | −0.20 | 0.20 | 0.8 |
Summer | Fall | 0.35 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 1.1 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 1.5 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 1.3 |
Winter | Fall | −0.29 | 0.26 | 0.8 | −0.12 | 0.21 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 1.1 | −0.11 | 0.20 | 0.9 |
Intersection_Yes | Intersection_No | 0.04 | 0.19 | 1.0 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 1.1 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 1.5 | −0.01 | 0.15 | 1.0 |
Intercept 2 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.79 · | 0.42 | 0.14 | 0.21 | |||||
Helmet_Yes | Helmet_No | −0.61 · | 0.32 | 0.5 | −0.22 | 0.18 | 0.8 | −0.42 | 0.31 | 0.7 | −0.36 · | 0.20 | 0.7 |
Helmet_NA | Helmet_No | −0.68 · | 0.40 | 0.5 | −0.02 | 0.22 | 1.0 | −0.32 | 0.49 | 0.7 | −0.15 | 0.23 | 0.9 |
Male | Female | −0.30 | 0.26 | 0.7 | −0.27 | 0.18 | 0.8 | −0.58 | 0.37 | 0.6 | −0.26 | 0.19 | 0.8 |
Age 19–64 | Age ≤ 18 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 1.0 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 1.1 | −0.07 | 0.29 | 0.9 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 1.1 |
Age ≥ 65 | Age ≤ 18 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 1.3 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 1.4 | 0.23 | 0.68 | 1.3 | −0.05 | 0.42 | 1.0 |
Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | −0.09 | 0.18 | 0.9 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 1.2 | 0.57 * | 0.26 | 1.8 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 1.1 |
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Billah, K.; Sharif, H.O.; Dessouky, S. Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179220
Billah K, Sharif HO, Dessouky S. Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179220
Chicago/Turabian StyleBillah, Khondoker, Hatim O. Sharif, and Samer Dessouky. 2021. "Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179220
APA StyleBillah, K., Sharif, H. O., & Dessouky, S. (2021). Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179220