Relationships of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Status with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Featuring Advanced Fibrosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaire Survey Regarding Dietary Habits and Physical Activity
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Clinical and Laboratory Measurements
2.5. Liver Stiffness and Steatosis
2.6. FibroScan-AST Score
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Categorization of the Participants According to Their FAST Score
3.2. Prevalences of Lifestyle-Related Diseases
3.3. Clinical Data
3.4. Anthropometric Characteristics of the Groups
3.5. NAFLD-Related Parameters among the Groups
3.6. Muscle-Related Characteristics
3.7. Biochemical Characteristics
3.8. Food Consumption Frequency
3.9. Physical Activity Status
3.10. Relationship of Hepatic Fibrosis with the Frequency of Food-Type and Physical Activity Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(Q1) | Survey of daily physical activity | (Q25) | How many green and yellow vegetables do you eat? |
1. | How many hours of sleep do you get? | (Q26) | How many light-colored vegetables do you eat? |
2. | How many hours do you spend relaxing in a lying or sitting position? | (Q27) | How much oligosaccharide do you eat? |
3. | How many hours of light work do you do sitting down? | (Q28) | How much jam and honey do you eat? |
4. | How many hours of slow walking and housework do you do? | (Q29) | How much simmered food that uses sugar or mirin do you eat? |
5. | How many hours of life activities and work are sustainable for a long time? | (Q30) | How many vinegared and dressed vegetables do you eat? |
6. | How many hours of daily life activities/work do you need to rest frequently? | (Q31) | How many Japanese sweets do you eat? |
7. | How many hours of exercise do you do every day, including weekends, excluding daily activities and work? | (Q32) | How much pastry and cake do you eat? |
(Q2) | Survey of hours of exercise per week | (Q33) | How many snack foods and fried sweets do you eat? |
1. | How many hours of exercise such as normal walking (less than 3 to 4 METs)? | (Q34) | How many rice crackers and cookies do you eat? |
2. | How many hours of exercise such as fast walking (less than 4 to 6 METs)? | (Q35) | How much ice cream do you eat? |
3. | How many hours of exercise such as jogging (less than 6 to 8 METs)? | (Q36) | How much chocolate do you eat? |
4. | How many hours of running or other exercise (8–15 METs)? | (Q37) | How much candy and caramels do you eat? |
(Q3) | How many people are in your family? Who is the main cook in your family? | (Q38) | How much jelly and pudding do you eat? |
(Q4) | What is your current employment status? | (Q39) | How much preference beverage do you drink? |
(Q5) | What is your current main occupation? | (Q40) | How much fried food do you eat? |
(Q6) | What is your last educational background? | (Q41) | How much stir-fry do you eat? |
(Q7) | What is the highest weight you have ever weighed? | (Q42) | How much mayonnaise and dressing do you use? |
(Q8) | What was your weight when you were 20 years old? | (Q43) | How much margarine and fat spread do you use? |
(Q9) | Are there any diseases you are currently suffering from? | (Q43) | How much butter, lard, and beef tallow do you use? |
(Q10) | Have you had any illnesses in the past? | (Q44) | How many peanuts and almonds do you eat? |
(Q11) | Are there any medications that you are currently taking? | (Q45) | How much sesame do you eat? |
(Q12) | Do you eat three meals a day? | (Q46) | How much olive oil and canola oil (rapeseed oil) do you use? |
(Q13) | What times do you eat meals each day? | (Q47) | How much safflower oil, cottonseed oil, and soybean oil do you use? |
(Q14) | How much staple food do you eat? | (Q48) | How much perilla oil, egoma oil, and flaxseed oil do you use? |
(Q15) | How many potatoes, pumpkin, and lotus root do you eat? | (Q49) | How many salty things do you eat? |
(Q16) | How much fruit do you eat? | (Q50) | How many pickles do you eat? |
(Q17) | How much meat and meat products do you eat? | (Q51) | How often do you use tabletop soy sauce and sauces? |
(Q18) | How much fish and fish products do you eat? | (Q52) | How much miso soup do you eat? |
(Q19) | How much seafood do you eat? | (Q53) | How much soup other than miso soup do you eat? |
(Q20) | How many eggs do you eat? | (Q54) | How often do you eat noodles? |
(Q21) | How many soybeans and soybean products do you eat? | (Q55) | How much of the noodle soup do you drink? |
(Q22) | How much milk and milk products do you consume? | (Q56) | How do you feel about the taste of restaurants? |
(Q23) | How much seaweed do you eat? | (Q57) | Do you currently smoke cigarettes? |
(Q24) | How much small fish do you eat? | (Q58) | How much alcohol do you drink? |
Negative | Gray | Positive | p | Multi-Comparison | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | mean | SD | |||||||
BMI | kg/m2 | 24.6 | ± | 4.3 | 29.6 | ± | 6.1 | 34.5 | ± | 9.5 | <0.001 | a |
Skeletal muscle | kg | 23.7 | ± | 5.3 | 27.7 | ± | 7.6 | 30.7 | ± | 8.9 | <0.001 | a |
Body fat percentage | % | 30.6 | ± | 9.3 | 35.8 | ± | 7.6 | 39.9 | ± | 8.6 | <0.001 | a |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 | ± | 0.1 | 1.1 | ± | 1.1 | 1.0 | ± | 0.1 | <0.001 | a | |
SMI | kg/m2 | 6.8 | ± | 1.0 | 7.7 | ± | 1.5 | 8.4 | ± | 1.7 | <0.001 | a |
SI | kg/(kg/m2) | 0.7 | ± | 0.2 | 0.7 | ± | 0.2 | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | 0.245 | |
SV ratio | kg/cm2 | 324.7 | ± | 199.6 | 243.5 | ± | 84.1 | 228.5 | ± | 96.4 | <0.001 | a |
Visceral fat cross section | cm2 | 91.7 | ± | 42.0 | 125.6 | ± | 47.1 | 151.9 | ± | 61.4 | <0.001 | a |
Knee Extension Stretch | kgf | 36.8 | ± | 12.3 | 42.9 | ± | 16.0 | 45.9 | ± | 16.9 | <0.001 | a |
Grip (of hand) | kgf | 28.9 | ± | 8.3 | 32.5 | ± | 10.3 | 32.4 | ± | 9.8 | 0.005 | a |
ALB | g/dL | 4.3 | ± | 0.3 | 4.4 | ± | 0.5 | 4.3 | ± | 0.4 | 0.088 | |
AST | U/L | 23.7 | ± | 7.1 | 44.6 | ± | 18.6 | 76.3 | ± | 36.8 | <0.001 | a,b |
ALT | U/L | 24.3 | ± | 14.7 | 68.0 | ± | 43.0 | 103.9 | ± | 51.8 | <0.001 | a,b |
γGT | U/L | 38.2 | ± | 41.5 | 65.0 | ± | 48.5 | 95.1 | ± | 71.2 | <0.001 | a,b |
HDLC | mg/dL | 59.6 | ± | 16.7 | 48.6 | ± | 10.7 | 49.1 | ± | 10.7 | <0.001 | a |
LDLC | mg/dL | 118.2 | ± | 30.1 | 122.9 | ± | 36.0 | 119.5 | ± | 28.5 | 0.644 | |
TG | mg/dL | 111.5 | ± | 65.9 | 137.8 | ± | 59.9 | 156.1 | ± | 93.4 | <0.001 | a |
Fasting glucose | mg/dL | 110.8 | ± | 27.2 | 117.8 | ± | 30.2 | 131.9 | ± | 38.0 | <0.001 | a,b |
HbA1c | % | 6.0 | ± | 0.8 | 6.3 | ± | 1.3 | 6.5 | ± | 1.0 | 0.001 | a,b |
Insulin | μU/mg | 9.9 | ± | 11.7 | 19.4 | ± | 18.1 | 25.8 | ± | 14.6 | <0.001 | a,b |
HOMA-IR | 2.8 | ± | 4.0 | 5.6 | ± | 5.7 | 8.5 | ± | 7.0 | <0.001 | a,b | |
Ferritin | ng/mL | 96.8 | ± | 77.9 | 164.4 | ± | 196.0 | 213.2 | ± | 294.0 | 0.001 | a |
Type IV collagen | ng/mL | 111.0 | ± | 29.5 | 131.9 | ± | 49.8 | 188.0 | ± | 117.5 | <0.001 | a,b |
CRP | mg/dL | 0.1 | ± | 0.2 | 0.3 | ± | 0.4 | 0.4 | ± | 0.4 | <0.001 | a,b |
M2BPGi | C.O.I. | 0.7 | ± | 0.4 | 1.2 | ± | 1.9 | 1.3 | ± | 1.1 | <0.001 | a |
LSM | kPa | 5.1 | ± | 1.9 | 10.5 | ± | 6.7 | 20.3 | ± | 13.8 | <0.001 | a,b |
CAP | dB/m | 249.1 | ± | 61.5 | 316.6 | ± | 48.6 | 319.6 | ± | 55.8 | <0.001 | a |
FIB-4 index | 1.6 | ± | 2.2 | 1.7 | ± | 1.5 | 2.2 | ± | 1.8 | 0.394 | ||
NFS | -1.6 | ± | 1.6 | −1.6 | ± | 2.0 | -1.0 | ± | 1.9 | 0.05 |
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Yabe, Y.; Kim, T.; Oh, S.; Shida, T.; Oshida, N.; Hasegawa, N.; Okada, K.; Someya, N.; Mizokami, Y.; Shoda, J. Relationships of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Status with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Featuring Advanced Fibrosis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178918
Yabe Y, Kim T, Oh S, Shida T, Oshida N, Hasegawa N, Okada K, Someya N, Mizokami Y, Shoda J. Relationships of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Status with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Featuring Advanced Fibrosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178918
Chicago/Turabian StyleYabe, Yoshito, Taeho Kim, Sechang Oh, Takashi Shida, Natsumi Oshida, Naoyuki Hasegawa, Kosuke Okada, Noriko Someya, Yuji Mizokami, and Junichi Shoda. 2021. "Relationships of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Status with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Featuring Advanced Fibrosis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178918