Tolerance of Violence against Women and the Risk of Psychosocial Distress in Humanitarian Settings in Northern Uganda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Approach
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Respondents
3.2. Tolerance of Violence against Women and Experience of Psychosocial Distress
3.3. Factors Associated with the Risk of Experiencing Psychosocial Distress
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study District | Beneficiary Individuals | Actual Sample Size | Total Actual Sample Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Host | Refugee | |||
Adjumani | 1140 | 43 | 180 | 223 |
Lamwo | 615 | 74 | 144 | 218 |
Obongi | 945 | 87 | 129 | 216 |
Total | 2700 | 204 | 453 | 657 |
Variable | Resident Status | Chi-Square (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|
Host | Refugee | ||
Age of respondent | 11.1 ** (0.026) | ||
15–24 | 8.8 | 11.7 | |
25–34 | 18.6 | 27.4 | |
35–44 | 21.6 | 17.0 | |
45–54 | 19.6 | 13.0 | |
55+ | 31.4 | 30.9 | |
Marital status | 3.6 (0.162) | ||
Currently married | 82.9 | 74.7 | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 8.9 | 15.3 | |
Single | 8.1 | 10.0 | |
Sex of respondent | 1.6 (0.199) | ||
Female | 61.3 | 66.5 | |
Male | 38.7 | 33.6 | |
Level of education | 8.2 ** (0.041) | ||
No school | 26.0 | 34.9 | |
Primary | 58.3 | 47.0 | |
Secondary | 13.2 | 16.3 | |
Tertiary | 2.5 | 1.8 | |
Personal income in the last one month | 58.5 **** (0.000) | ||
Less than UGX 10,000 (USD 2.7) | 41.2 | 69.5 | |
UGX 10,000–20,000 (USD 2.7–USD 5.5) | 28.9 | 20.8 | |
Above UGX 20,000 (USD 5.5) | 29.9 | 9.7 | |
Women should participate in income generation | 6.1 ** (0.013) | ||
No | 11.8 | 19.7 | |
Yes | 88.2 | 80.4 | |
It is possible for men to stop violence | 2.4 (0.299) | ||
Agree | 84.8 | 86.1 | |
Disagree | 14.7 | 12.1 | |
Do not know | 0.5 | 1.8 | |
Women are raped because of the way they dress | 3.7 (0.156) | ||
Agree | 74.5 | 67.1 | |
Disagree | 24.0 | 31.4 | |
Do not know | 1.5 | 1.6 | |
Consent before sex is necessary | 1.1 (0.591) | ||
No | 8.3 | 8.9 | |
Do not know | 2.5 | 4.0 | |
Yes | 89.2 | 87.2 | |
Women know where to obtain contraceptives | 11.3 *** (0.004) | ||
Yes | 90.7 | 80.4 | |
No | 5.4 | 13.0 | |
Do not know | 3.9 | 6.6 | |
Women can decide the number of children to have | 3.4 (0.180) | ||
Yes | 14.7 | 15.0 | |
No | 84.8 | 82.3 | |
Do not know | 0.5 | 2.7 | |
Study district | 23.9 **** (0.000) | ||
Adjumani | 21.1 | 39.7 | |
Lamwo | 36.3 | 31.8 | |
Obongi | 42.6 | 28.5 | |
Tolerance of violence against women | 1.1 (0.292) | ||
No | 38.2 | 42.6 | |
Yes | 61.8 | 57.4 | |
Total (%) | 100 | 100 | |
Total (n) | 204 | 453 |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Tolerate violence (RC = No) | ||
Yes | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 6.86 ** (1.23–38.22) |
Age of respondent (RC = 15–24) | ||
25–34 | 1.07 (0.44–2.64) | |
35–44 | 0.69 (0.28–1.73) | |
45–54 | 0.73 (0.27–1.95) | |
55+ | 2.50 (0.67–9.30) | |
Marital status (RC = Single) | ||
Married | 1.74 (0.69–4.39) | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | - | |
Sex (RC = Male) | ||
Female | 6.94 *** (1.76–27.32) | |
Level of education (RC = No education) | ||
Primary | 4.73 ** (1.24–18.00) | |
Secondary | 4.66 (0.96–22.56) | |
Tertiary | 1.76 (0.40–7.74) | |
Personal income in last one month (RC = above UGX 20,000 (USD 5.5) | ||
Less than UGX 10,000 (USD 2.7) | 3.37 ** (1.32–8.62) | |
UGX 10,000–20,000 (USD 2.7–USD 5.5) | 2.16 (0.63–7.39) | |
Women should participate in income generation (RC = No) | ||
Yes | 0.39 ** (0.17–0.89) | |
Women know where to obtain contraceptives (RC = Yes) | ||
No | 0.51 (0.24–1.08) | |
Do not know | - | |
Study district (RC = Adjumani) | ||
Lamwo | 1.61 (0.92–2.83) | |
Obongi | 1.74 (0.88–3.44) | |
Resident status (RC = Host) | ||
Refugee | 1.50 (0.93–2.42) | |
Interaction between sex and tolerant violence | ||
Female vs Yes | 0.19 ** (0.04–0.82) | |
Interaction between level of education and tolerate violence | ||
Primary vs Yes | 0.21 ** (0.04–0.96) | |
Secondary vs Yes | 0.24 (0.04–1.42) | |
Tertiary vs Yes | 0.11 (0.01–1.62) | |
Interaction between personal income and tolerate violence | ||
Less than UGX 10,000 (USD 2.7) vs Yes | 0.45 (0.15–1.35) | |
UGX 10,000–20,000 (USD 2.7–USD 5.5) vs Yes | 0.97 (0.24–4.00) | |
Constant | 2.96 *** (2.49–3.52) | 0.22 (0.03–1.46) |
Number of observations | 657 | 335 |
Likelihood ratio Chi-squared (probability) | 0.38 (0.539) | 60.55 (0.000) |
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Bukuluki, P.; Kisaakye, P.; Etti, B.; Ocircan, M.; Bev, R.-R. Tolerance of Violence against Women and the Risk of Psychosocial Distress in Humanitarian Settings in Northern Uganda. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158103
Bukuluki P, Kisaakye P, Etti B, Ocircan M, Bev R-R. Tolerance of Violence against Women and the Risk of Psychosocial Distress in Humanitarian Settings in Northern Uganda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158103
Chicago/Turabian StyleBukuluki, Paul, Peter Kisaakye, Bonny Etti, Micheal Ocircan, and Roberts-Reites Bev. 2021. "Tolerance of Violence against Women and the Risk of Psychosocial Distress in Humanitarian Settings in Northern Uganda" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158103