Adolescents’ Empowerment for Mental Health Literacy in School: A Pilot Study on ProLiSMental Psychoeducational Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Outcomes Measures
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
2.5. Ethical Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characterization
3.2. Anxiety Recognition
3.3. Anxiety Prevention Strategies
3.4. Anxiety Self-Help Strategies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Clinical Trial Registration Information
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | IG (n = 21) | WLCG (n = 17) | p (Effect Size) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, M (SD) * | 14.76 (1.9) | 14.18 (0.39) | 0.089 (0.076) a | |
Female, n (%) | 13 (61.9) | 11 (64.7) | 0.859 (0.029) b | |
Adolescents live with, n (%) | Parents | 21 (100) | 17 (100) | † |
Father’s education, n (%) | 1st cycle of schooling | 1 (4.8) | 1 (5.9) | 0.755 (0.219) c |
3rd cycle of schooling | 5 (23.8) | 5 (29.4) | ||
High school | 6 (28.6) | 2 (11.8) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 4 (28.6) | 5 (29.4) | ||
Master’s/doctorate | 5 (23.8) | 4 (23.5) | ||
Mother’s education, n (%) | 1st cycle of schooling | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.108 (0.447) c |
2nd cycle of schooling | 0 (0) | 1 (5.9) | ||
3rd cycle of schooling | 2 (9.5) | 2 (11.8) | ||
High school | 8 (38.1) | 1 (5.9) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 6 (28.6) | 7 (41.2) | ||
Master’s/doctorate | 4 (19.0) | 6 (35.3) | ||
Father’s professional situation, n (%) | Employeed | 20 (95.2) | 16 (94.1) | 0.543 (0.149) c |
Mother’s professional situation, n (%) | Employeed | 21 (100) | 17 (100) | † |
Dimension | a | b | c | Q e | R f | Post-Hoc g | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | a-b | a-c | b-c | ||||
Anxiety | IG | 5 (23.8) | 19 (90.5) d | 18 (85.7) | 26.143 *** | 0.396 | *** | *** | ns |
WLCG | 3 (17.6) | 3 (17.6) d | 15 (88.2) | 22.154 *** | 0.434 | ns | *** | *** | |
Social anxiety | IG | 2 (9.5) | 9 (42.9) d | 11 (52.4) | 10.429 ** | 0.132 | ** | ** | ns |
WLCG | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) d | 6 (35.3) | 12.000 ** | 0.233 | ns | ** | ** | |
Fear of exposure | IG | 10 (47.6) | 6 (28.6) | 5 (23.8) | 3.500 ns | 0.021 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 12 (70.6) | 8 (47.1) | 3 (17.6) | 12.200 ** | 0.163 | ns | *** | ns | |
Shyness | IG | 16 (76.2) d | 3 (14.3) | 4 (19.0) | 19.625 *** | 0.318 | *** | *** | ns |
WLCG | 5 (29.4) d | 5 (29.4) | 5 (29.4) | <0.001 ns | −0.027 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Low self-esteem | IG | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 3.500 ns | 0.021 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 4 (23.5) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4.800 ns | 0.054 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Developmental problem | IG | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 3.500 ns | 0.026 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) | 3.000 ns | 0.014 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Depression | IG | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | † | † | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
Dimension | a | b | c | Q e | R f | Post-Hoc g | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | a-b | a-c | b-c | ||||
Exercise regularly | IG | 16 (76.2) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 8.000 ** | 0.062 | * | * | ns |
WLCG | 11 (64.7) | 15 (88.2) | 16 (94.1) | 7.000 * | 0.082 | ns | * | ns | |
Do not avoid stressful situations | IG | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 2 (11.8) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) | 1.000 ns | −0.009 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Regular contact with friends | IG | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 19 (90.5) | 1.000 ns | −0.007 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 15 (88.2) | 13 (76.5) | 15 (88.2) | 4.000 ns | 0.012 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Regular contact with family | IG | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) d | 19 (90.5) | 1.000 ns | −0.007 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 12 (70.6) | 11 (64.7) d | 13 (76.5) | 1.500 ns | −0.004 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Do not use drugs | IG | 18 (85.7) | 18 (85.7) | 18 (85.7) | <0.001 ns | −0.017 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 14 (82.4) | 15 (88.2) | 16 (94.1) | 1.500 ns | −0.008 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Regular sleep habits | IG | 16 (76.2) | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 6.500 * | 0.042 | ns | * | ns |
WLCG | 12 (70.6) | 12 (70.6) | 16 (94.1) | 6.400 * | 0.051 | ns | ns | ns | |
Do not drink alcohol | IG | 16 (76.2) | 18 (85.7) | 17 (81) | 0.857 ns | −0.013 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 9 (52.9) | 11 (64.7) | 13 (76.5) | 6.000 * | 0.027 | ns | * | ns | |
Healthy eating | IG | 17 (81.0) | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 4,667 ns | 0.021 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 12 (70.6) | 13 (76.5) | 17 (100) | 7.000 * | 0.082 | ns | * | ns | |
Regular relaxation training | IG | 16 (76.2) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 8.000 * | 0.063 | * | * | ns |
WLCG | 13 (76.5) | 13 (76.5) | 14 (82.4) | 0.286 ns | −0.028 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Improve self-esteem | IG | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 16 (94.1) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Have a religious or spiritual belief | IG | 3 (14.3) | 11 (52.4) d | 8 (38.1) | 12.250 ** | 0.093 | ** | ns | ns |
WLCG | 2 (11.8) | 3 (17.6) d | 4 (23.5) | 1.500 ns | −0.005 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
Dimension | a | b | c | Q e | R f | Post-Hoc g | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | a-b | a-c | b-c | ||||
Exercise regularly | IG | 19 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 19 (90.5) | 1.000 ns | −0.007 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 14 (82.4) | 14 (82.4) | 16 (94.1) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Regular relaxation training | IG | 15 (71.4) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 10.000 ** | 0.093 | * | * | ns |
WLCG | 14 (82.4) | 15 (88.2) | 17 (100.0) | 3.500 ns | 0.027 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Meditation regularly | IG | 12 (57.1) | 20 (95.2) d | 20 (95.2) | 16.000 *** | 0.201 | ** | ** | ns |
WLCG | 11 (64.7) | 9 (52.9) d | 14 (82.4) | 3.800 ns | 0.032 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Acupuncture | IG | 2 (9.5) | 19 (90.5) d | 19 (90.5) d | 34.000 *** | 0.614 | *** | *** | ns |
WLCG | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.8) d | 10 (58.8) d | 14.250 ** | 0.187 | ns | ** | ** | |
Get up early and sunbathe | IG | 14 (66.7) | 21 (100.0) d | 21 (100.0) d | 14.000 ** | 0.222 | ** | ** | ns |
WLCG | 6 (35.3) | 10 (58.8) d | 13 (76.5) d | 6.727 * | 0.084 | ns | * | ns | |
Therapy with a specialized professional | IG | 14 (66.7) | 17 (81.0) d | 19 (90.5) | 4.222 ns | 0.032 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
WLCG | 7 (41.2) | 8 (47.1) d | 14 (82.4) | 9.556 ** | 0.110 | ns | * | * | |
Website with credible information | IG | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) d | 15 (71.4) | 11.400 ** | 0.099 | * | ** | ns |
WLCG | 4 (23.5) | 4 (23.5) d | 10 (58.8) | 8.000 * | 0.094 | ns | * | * | |
Self-help book | IG | 7 (33.3) | 15 (71.4) d | 14 (66.7) | 8.769 * | 0.093 | * | ns | ns |
WLCG | 8 (47.1) | 6 (35.3) d | 9 (52.9) | 1.167 ns | −0.016 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
Join a support group | IG | 7 (33.3) | 16 (76.2) | 16 (76.2) | 18.000 *** | 0.157 | *** | *** | ns |
CG | 8 (47.1) | 8 (47.1) | 12 (70.6) | 6.400 * | 0.035 | ns | ns | ns | |
Seek specialized mental health help | IG | 9 (42.9) | 18 (85.7) d | 17 (81.0) | 13.273 ** | 0.152 | ** | ** | ns |
CG | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) d | 13 (76.5) | 11.143 ** | 0.104 | ns | ns | ** | |
Do not drink alcohol to relax | IG | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | † | † | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
CG | 16 (94.1) | 15 (88.2) | 15 (88.2) | 2.000 ns | <0.001 | ns | ns | ns | |
Do not smoke to relax | IG | 19 (90.5) | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 4.000 ns | 0.034 | ns | ns | ns |
CG | 16 (94.1) | 16 (94.1) | 17 (100.0) | 1.000 ns | −0.021 | ns | ns | ns |
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Morgado, T.; Loureiro, L.; Rebelo Botelho, M.A.; Marques, M.I.; Martínez-Riera, J.R.; Melo, P. Adolescents’ Empowerment for Mental Health Literacy in School: A Pilot Study on ProLiSMental Psychoeducational Intervention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158022
Morgado T, Loureiro L, Rebelo Botelho MA, Marques MI, Martínez-Riera JR, Melo P. Adolescents’ Empowerment for Mental Health Literacy in School: A Pilot Study on ProLiSMental Psychoeducational Intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158022
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorgado, Tânia, Luís Loureiro, Maria Antónia Rebelo Botelho, Maria Isabel Marques, José Ramón Martínez-Riera, and Pedro Melo. 2021. "Adolescents’ Empowerment for Mental Health Literacy in School: A Pilot Study on ProLiSMental Psychoeducational Intervention" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158022