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Article

Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020

by
Macarena Valdés Salgado
1,2,3,
Pamela Smith
1,3,4,5,*,
Mariel A. Opazo
1 and
Nicolás Huneeus
1,3,6
1
Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, FONDAP N°15110009, Santiago 8370449, Chile
2
Programa de Epidemiología, Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
3
Red de la Pobreza Energética—RedPE, Santiago 8320000, Chile
4
Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331051, Chile
5
Project FONDECYT-INITIATION N°11180990 Social Construction of the Urban Climate: towards Quality and Climate Justice in Chilean Cities, Santiago 8320000, Chile
6
Chile Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Cs Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147409
Submission received: 9 April 2021 / Revised: 30 June 2021 / Accepted: 6 July 2021 / Published: 11 July 2021
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Abstract

Background: Several countries have documented the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollutants and epidemiological indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as incidence and mortality. This study aims to explore the association between air pollutants, such as PM2.5 and PM10, and the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 during 2020. Methods: The incidence and mortality rates were estimated using the COVID-19 cases and deaths from the Chilean Ministry of Science, and the population size was obtained from the Chilean Institute of Statistics. A chemistry transport model was used to estimate the annual mean surface concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in a period before the current pandemic. Negative binomial regressions were used to associate the epidemiological information with pollutant concentrations while considering demographic and social confounders. Results: For each microgram per cubic meter, the incidence rate increased by 1.3% regarding PM2.5 and 0.9% regarding PM10. There was no statistically significant relationship between the COVID-19 mortality rate and PM2.5 or PM10. Conclusions: The adjusted regression models showed that the COVID-19 incidence rate was significantly associated with chronic exposure to PM2.5 and PM10, even after adjusting for other variables.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; air pollution; climate; South America; environmental indicators COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; air pollution; climate; South America; environmental indicators

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MDPI and ACS Style

Valdés Salgado, M.; Smith, P.; Opazo, M.A.; Huneeus, N. Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147409

AMA Style

Valdés Salgado M, Smith P, Opazo MA, Huneeus N. Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147409

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valdés Salgado, Macarena, Pamela Smith, Mariel A. Opazo, and Nicolás Huneeus. 2021. "Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147409

APA Style

Valdés Salgado, M., Smith, P., Opazo, M. A., & Huneeus, N. (2021). Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147409

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