Analysis of Parenting Attitude Types and Influencing Factors of Korean Parents by Using Latent Transition Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Parenting Attitude
2.2.2. Parenting Stress
2.2.3. Marital Conflict
2.2.4. Marital Satisfaction
2.2.5. Self-Esteem
2.2.6. Depression
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Latent Classes by Timepoint
3.2. Transition Phenomenon of Parenting Attitude
3.3. Factors Influencing the Transition of Parenting Attitude Type
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables Category | n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Father’s age (yr) | <36 | 148 | 10.1 |
(M ± SD = 40.38 ± 3.81) | 36–40 | 612 | 41.8 |
>40 | 702 | 48.1 | |
Mother’s age (yr) | <36 | 526 | 36.0 |
(M ± SD = 38.02 ± 3.76) | 36–40 | 531 | 36.3 |
>40 | 405 | 27.7 | |
Father’s education | Under high school | 386 | 26.4 |
College | 262 | 17.9 | |
Over bachelor’s degree | 814 | 55.7 | |
Mother’s education | Under high school | 433 | 29.6 |
College | 371 | 25.4 | |
Over bachelor’s degree | 658 | 45.0 | |
Residential areas | Large cities | 602 | 41.2 |
Eup/myeon (towns/villages) | 212 | 14.5 | |
Small and medium-sized cities | 648 | 44.3 | |
Father’s occupation | Professionals and office workers | 716 | 49.0 |
Machine operation and assembly workers | 189 | 12.9 | |
Craft and related trade workers | 174 | 11.9 | |
Sales workers | 164 | 11.2 | |
Others | 219 | 15.0 | |
Mother’s occupation | Manager or white collar job | 452 | 30.9 |
House wife and other | 1010 | 69.1 | |
Family income ($) | <4000 | 734 | 50.2 |
(M ± SD = 4193.147) | ≥4000 | 728 | 48.8 |
Model | AIC | BIC | saBIC | LMR-LRT | BLRT | Latent Class Distribution Rate (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
1 profile | 30,835.02 | 30,877.33 | 30,851.91 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | - |
2 profile | 30,807.09 | 30,875.83 | 30,834.53 | 0.079 | <0.001 | 92.4 | 7.6 | - | - |
3 profile | 30,791.62 | 30,786.80 | 30,729.62 | 0.039 | <0.001 | 76.7 | 15.9 | 7.4 | - |
4 profile | 30,766.40 | 30,788.01 | 30,714.95 | 0.051 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 78.2 | 15.1 |
Model | AIC | BIC | saBIC | LMR-LRT | BLRT | Latent Class Distribution Rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
1 profile | 30,608.04 | 30,650.346 | 30,624.933 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | - | - |
2 profile | 29,367.24 | 29,435.986 | 29,394.689 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 36.9 | 63.1 | - | - | - |
3 profile | 28,664.67 | 28,759.847 | 28,702.667 | 0.034 | <0.001 | 7.5 | 49.5 | 43.0 | - | - |
4 profile | 27,945.90 | 28,067.517 | 27,994.453 | 0.045 | <0.001 | 32.0 | 6.2 | 12.1 | 49.7 | - |
5 profile | 27,364.67 | 27,512.723 | 27,423.776 | 0.032 | <0.001 | 3.6 | 23.5 | 30.0 | 35.4 | 7.5 |
5th Wave | 8th Wave | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Class 1 n (%) | Class 2 n (%) | Class 3 n (%) | Class 4 n (%) | ||
Class 1 | 1122 (100.0) | → | 359 (32.0) | 70 (6.2) | 133 (11.9) | 560 (49.9) |
Class 2 | 232 (100.0) | → | 81 (34.9) | 12 (5.2) | 32 (13.8) | 107 (46.1) |
Class 3 | 108 (100.0) | → | 28 (25.9) | 8 (7.4) | 12 (11.1) | 60 (55.6) |
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Lee, H.; Han, J.-W. Analysis of Parenting Attitude Types and Influencing Factors of Korean Parents by Using Latent Transition Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147394
Lee H, Han J-W. Analysis of Parenting Attitude Types and Influencing Factors of Korean Parents by Using Latent Transition Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147394
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hanna, and Jeong-Won Han. 2021. "Analysis of Parenting Attitude Types and Influencing Factors of Korean Parents by Using Latent Transition Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147394
APA StyleLee, H., & Han, J. -W. (2021). Analysis of Parenting Attitude Types and Influencing Factors of Korean Parents by Using Latent Transition Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147394