Effects of Long Working Hours and Night Work on Subjective Well-Being Depending on Work Creativity and Task Variety, and Occupation: The Role of Working-Time Mismatch, Variability, Shift Work, and Autonomy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Demographic Variables According to LW and NW
3.2. LW and NW According to WCTV and Occupation
3.3. Results of Multiple Logistic Regression for LSW
4. Discussion
4.1. LW and Subjective Well-Being
4.2. NW and Subjective Well-Being
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | Entire Sample | p-Value | Workers with Night Work | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Shift | Shift | No Shift | Shift | ||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
Work as team or group † | Yes | 10,146 (22.1) | 1792 (42.3) | *** | 545 (20.7) | 946 (49.8) | *** |
No | 35,668 (77.9) | 2445 (57.7) | 2084 (79.3) | 952 (50.2) | |||
Work creativity and task variety | High | 15,855 (34.6) | 980 (23.2) | *** | 851 (32.3) | 502 (26.6) | *** |
Low | 29,954 (65.4) | 3250 (76.8) | 1782 (67.7) | 1388 (73.4) | |||
Exhaustion after work ‡ | High | 9811 (21.4) | 1023 (24.1) | *** | 688 (26.1) | 425 (22.4) | ** |
Low | 36,026 (78.6) | 3218 (75.9) | 1951 (73.9) | 1472 (77.6) |
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Variables | n | % | Working Hours per Week | Chi-Square Test (Trend Test) | Night Work per Month | Chi-Square Test (Trend Test) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<41 | 41–51 | 52–60 | >60 | 0 Day | 1–10 Days | Over 10 Days | ||||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Sex | Male | 23,707 | 47.2 | 10,483 (44.4) | 6653 (28.1) | 4289 (18.1) | 2210 (9.4) | *** (***) | 20,660 (87.1) | 1673 (7.1) | 1374 (5.8) | *** (***) |
Female | 26,498 | 52.8 | 13,772 (52.1) | 6340 (24.0) | 4458 (16.9) | 1852 (7.0) | 25,004 (94.4) | 761 (2.9) | 733 (2.8) | |||
Age | <39 | 12,954 | 25.8 | 6967 (53.9) | 3580 (27.7) | 1822 (14.1) | 555 (4.3) | *** (***) | 11,754 (90.7) | 769 (5.9) | 431 (3.3) | *** (*) |
40–49 | 11,795 | 23.5 | 5620 (47.8) | 3269 (27.8) | 2110 (17.9) | 766 (6.5) | 10,750 (91.1) | 604 (5.1) | 441 (3.7) | |||
50–59 | 13,250 | 26.4 | 5322 (40.3) | 3608 (27.3) | 2883 (21.8) | 1399 (10.6) | 12,001 (90.6) | 608 (4.6) | 641 (4.8) | |||
> 59 | 12,206 | 24.3 | 6346 (52.2) | 2536 (20.9) | 1932 (15.9) | 1342 (11.0) | 11,159 (91.4) | 453 (3.7) | 594 (4.9) | |||
Educational level | Under high school | 9751 | 19.4 | 5440 (56.0) | 1936 (19.9) | 1357 (14.0) | 978 (10.1) | *** (***) | 9112 (93.4) | 277 (2.8) | 362 (3.7) | *** (**) |
High school | 19,156 | 38.2 | 7102 (37.2) | 5276 (27.6) | 4573 (23.9) | 2143 (11.2) | 17,004 (88.8) | 997 (5.2) | 1155 (6.0) | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 20,600 | 41.1 | 11,217 (54.6) | 5658 (27.5) | 2762 (13.4) | 921 (4.5) | 18,909 (91.8) | 1113 (5.4) | 578 (2.8) | |||
Masters or more | 646 | 1.3 | 469 (73.1) | 112 (17.4) | 45 (7.0) | 16 (2.5) | 591 (91.5) | 43 (6.7) | 12 (1.9) | |||
Numbers of employee | 1 | 12,863 | 25.8 | 4258 (33.2) | 3071 (24.0) | 3748 (29.2) | 1740 (13.6) | *** (***) | 11,867 (92.3) | 427 (3.3) | 569 (4.4) | *** (***) |
2–9 | 19,909 | 39.9 | 8689 (43.8) | 5595 (28.2) | 3732 (18.8) | 1829 (9.2) | 18,256 (91.7) | 659 (3.3) | 994 (5.0) | |||
10–49 | 10,255 | 20.5 | 6437 (62.9) | 2698 (26.4) | 791 (7.7) | 311 (3.0) | 9325 (90.9) | 605 (5.9) | 325 (3.2) | |||
50–249 | 4465 | 8.9 | 2976 (66.7) | 1049 (23.5) | 309 (6.9) | 126 (2.8) | 3952 (88.5) | 373 (8.4) | 140 (3.1) | |||
Over 249 | 2426 | 4.9 | 1694 (69.9) | 529 (21.8) | 154 (6.4) | 45 (1.9) | 2004 (82.6) | 357 (14.7) | 65 (2.7) | |||
Subjective health condition | Good | 33,058 | 65.9 | 16,263 (49.3) | 8706 (26.4) | 5714 (17.3) | 2292 (7.0) | *** (***) | 30,169 (91.3) | 1643 (5.0) | 1246 (3.8) | *** (***) |
Fair | 14,471 | 28.8 | 6463 (44.8) | 3822 (26.5) | 2671 (18.5) | 1470 (10.2) | 13,015 (89.9) | 710 (4.9) | 746 (5.2) | |||
Bad | 2669 | 5.3 | 1527 (57.6) | 462 (17.4) | 361 (13.6) | 300 (11.3) | 2474 (92.7) | 81 (3.0) | 114 (4.3) | |||
Monthly income | < $1501 | 13,688 | 29.8 | 8647 (63.3) | 2691 (19.7) | 1446 (10.6) | 887 (6.5) | *** (***) | 12,771 (93.3) | 393 (2.9) | 524 (3.8) | *** (***) |
$1501–$2900 | 21,622 | 47.1 | 8541 (39.6) | 6509 (30.2) | 4598 (21.3) | 1938 (9.0) | 19,576 (90.5) | 1111 (5.1) | 935 (4.3) | |||
$2901–$3800 | 6191 | 13.5 | 2765 (44.7) | 1741 (28.1) | 1222 (19.8) | 458 (7.4) | 5512 (89.0) | 431 (7.0) | 248 (4.0) | |||
> $3800 | 4426 | 9.6 | 2002 (45.3) | 1144 (25.9) | 841 (19.0) | 433 (9.8) | 3846 (86.9) | 353 (8.0) | 227 (5.1) | |||
Work creativity and task variety | Low | 33,210 | 66.4 | 15,887 (48.0) | 8487 (25.6) | 5722 (17.3) | 3003 (9.1) | *** (***) | 30,040 (90.5) | 1453 (4.4) | 1717 (5.2) | *** (***) |
High | 16,839 | 33.6 | 8293 (49.3) | 4474 (26.6) | 2999 (17.8) | 1048 (6.2) | 15,486 (92.0) | 969 (5.8) | 384 (2.3) | |||
Occupation | Blue collar | 18,987 | 37.9 | 9461 (50.0) | 5008 (26.5) | 3007 (15.9) | 1439 (7.6) | *** (***) | 17,098 (90.1) | 1048 (5.5) | 841 (4.4) | *** (***) |
White collar | 31,125 | 62.1 | 14,728 (47.4) | 7963 (25.6) | 5736 (18.5) | 2623 (8.4) | 28,499 (91.6) | 1360 (4.4) | 1266 (4.1) | |||
Subjective well-being | High | 34,384 | 68.6 | 16,727 (48.7) | 9194 (26.8) | 5904 (17.2) | 2500 (7.3) | *** (***) | 31,447 (91.5) | 1625 (4.7) | 1312 (3.8) | *** (***) |
Low | 15,770 | 31.4 | 7510 (47.8) | 3790 (24.1) | 2836 (18.1) | 1559 (9.9) | 14,170 (89.9) | 806 (5.1) | 794 (5.0) |
Covariates | All (n = 45,467) | Blue Collar Worker | White Collar Worker | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work Creativity and Task Variety | ||||||
Low (n = 12,761) | High (n = 4150) | Low (n = 17,268) | High (n = 11,288) | |||
Sex | Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) ** | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) * | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | |
Age | <39 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
40–49 | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) *** | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) * | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) ** | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) *** | |
50–59 | 1.12 (1.04–1.19) ** | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.21 (1.09–1.34) *** | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | |
>59 | 1.10 (1.02–1.20) * | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) ** | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | |
Educational level | Under high school | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
High school | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) *** | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) *** | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 0.70 (0.61–0.80) *** | 0.64 (0.49–0.84) ** | |
Bachelor’s degree | 0.66 (0.60–0.72) *** | 0.65 (0.56–0.76) *** | 0.93 (0.71–1.20) | 0.61 (0.53–0.71) *** | 0.59 (0.44–0.78) *** | |
Masters or more | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) ** | 0.35 (0.10–1.27) | 2.21 (0.60–8.13) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) ** | |
Numbers of employee | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2–9 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | |
10–49 | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) ** | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) *** | 1.14 (0.98–1.34) | |
50–249 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 1.07 (0.92–1.26) | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) * | |
Over 249 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) ** | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) *** | |
Subjective health condition | Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Fair | 2.19 (2.09–2.29) *** | 2.23 (2.06–2.42) *** | 2.60 (2.23–3.03) *** | 2.04 (1.89–2.20) *** | 2.27 (2.04–2.53) *** | |
Bad | 4.54 (4.12–5.01) *** | 4.56 (3.99–5.21) *** | 6.75 (4.88–9.33) *** | 3.60 (2.95–4.40) *** | 5.19 (3.78–7.11) *** | |
Monthly income | < $1501 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
$1501–$2900 | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) *** | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) *** | 0.76 (0.61–0.93) ** | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) *** | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | |
$2901–$3800 | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) *** | 0.71 (0.60–0.84) *** | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) * | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) * | |
>$3800 | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) *** | 0.63 (0.51–0.79) *** | 0.62 (0.46–0.84) ** | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) *** | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) *** | |
Working hours per week | 41–51 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
<41 | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) * | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 0.92 (0.85–1.01) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) ** | |
52–60 | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) *** | 1.16 (1.03–1.32) * | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) *** | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | |
>60 | 1.30 (1.20–1.42) *** | 1.40 (1.19–1.64) *** | 1.43 (1.09–1.88) ** | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) *** | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) * | |
Night work per months | 0 day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1–10 days | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) ** | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) * | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | 1.28 (1.07–1.53) ** | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | |
Over 10 days | 1.14 (1.02–1.26) * | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | 0.93 (0.59–1.45) | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.49 (1.12–1.98) ** | |
Work creativity and task variety | Low | Ref. | ||||
High | 0.87 (0.83–0.92) *** | |||||
Occupation | Blue collar | Ref. | ||||
White collar | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) *** | |||||
R^2 | 0.117 | 0.121 | 0.118 | 0.075 | 0.060 |
Covariates | Blue Collar Worker | White Collar Worker | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work Creativity and Task Variety | ||||||
Low | High | Low | High | |||
Model 1 | Working hours per week | 41–51 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
<41 | 1.21 (1.10–1.34) *** | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) * | ||
52–60 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) *** | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | ||
>60 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) ** | 1.44 (1.09–1.89) ** | 1.19 (1.05–1.36) ** | 1.26 (1.02–1.55) * | ||
Night work per months | 0 day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
1–10 days | 1.20 (1.01–1.41) * | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 1.25 (1.04–1.49) * | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | ||
Over 10 days | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.47 (1.10–1.95) ** | ||
Working-time mismatch | Adequate | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Insufficient | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) *** | 1.51 (1.16–1.95) ** | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) *** | 1.41 (1.17–1.71) *** | ||
Excessive | 1.58 (1.44–1.74) *** | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.28 (1.18–1.40) *** | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | ||
Model 2 | Working hours per week | 41–51 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
<41 | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) ** | ||
52–60 | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) ** | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) *** | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | ||
>60 | 1.44 (1.22–1.69) *** | 1.47 (1.12–1.93) ** | 1.28 (1.13–1.46) *** | 1.29 (1.05–1.59) * | ||
Night work per months | 0 day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
1–10 days | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 0.85 (0.63–1.16) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | ||
Over 10 days | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.43 (1.08–1.91) * | ||
Working-time variability | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Yes | 1.28 (1.17–1.39) *** | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) ** | 1.30 (1.18–1.43) *** | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) * | ||
Model 3 | Working hours per week | 41–51 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
<41 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) * | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) ** | ||
52–60 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) * | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 1.22 (1.11–1.36) *** | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | ||
>60 | 1.42 (1.21–1.66) *** | 1.44 (1.10–1.89) ** | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) *** | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) * | ||
Night work per months | 0 day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
1–10 days | 1.32 (1.10–1.58) ** | 1.04 (0.74–1.44) | 1.38 (1.15–1.65) *** | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | ||
Over 10 days | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.03 (0.64–1.67) | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) * | 1.50 (1.13–2.00) ** | ||
Shift work | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) * | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) ** | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | ||
Model 4 | Working hours per week | 41–51 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
<41 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) * | 1.16 (0.98–1.39) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) ** | ||
52–60 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) * | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) *** | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | ||
>60 | 1.38 (1.17–1.61) *** | 1.42 (1.08–1.86) * | 1.25 (1.10–1.42) *** | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) * | ||
Night work per months | 0 day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
1–10 days | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) * | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) ** | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | ||
Over 10 days | 1.14 (0.96–1.37) | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 1.47 (1.11–1.95) ** | ||
Working-time autonomy | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Yes | 1.27 (1.16–1.40) *** | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.21 (1.06–1.37) ** |
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Shin, M.-G.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, T.-K.; Kang, D. Effects of Long Working Hours and Night Work on Subjective Well-Being Depending on Work Creativity and Task Variety, and Occupation: The Role of Working-Time Mismatch, Variability, Shift Work, and Autonomy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126371
Shin M-G, Kim Y-J, Kim T-K, Kang D. Effects of Long Working Hours and Night Work on Subjective Well-Being Depending on Work Creativity and Task Variety, and Occupation: The Role of Working-Time Mismatch, Variability, Shift Work, and Autonomy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126371
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Min-Gwan, Yoon-Ji Kim, Tae-Kyoung Kim, and Dongmug Kang. 2021. "Effects of Long Working Hours and Night Work on Subjective Well-Being Depending on Work Creativity and Task Variety, and Occupation: The Role of Working-Time Mismatch, Variability, Shift Work, and Autonomy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126371