Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Study Subjects
- -
- an informed written consent to participate in the study protocol
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- complete study documentation
- -
- absence of any musculoskeletal pathologies
- -
- lack of consent to the study
- -
- incomplete documentation of physical exams
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- a history of musculoskeletal pathologies (e.g., juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, arthritis associated with infections, generalized lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, vasculitis)
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Flatfootedness was not found a common deformity among children and adolescents.
- Statistically significant linkage, as well as a strong correlation, was established for the Staheli, Chippau–-Smirak, and Sztriter–Godunow indices.
- Consequently, the Staheli, Chippaux–Smirak, and Sztriter–Godunow indices were deemed the most reliable indicators in assessing the foot’s longitudinal arches.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Girls (n = 165) Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Boys (n = 171) Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass [kg] | 42.91 ± 11.17 | 25–77 | 45.21 ± 12.08 | 25–85 | −1.568 | 0.117 |
Height [cm] | 150 ± 10 | 128–172 | 151 ± 12 | 130–183 | −0.251 | 0.802 |
BMI | 18.68 ± 3.25 | 13.3–28.6 | 19.46 ± 3.33 | 13.2–29.1 | −2.122 | 0.034 |
Age | 11.47 ± 1.53 | 10–15 | 11.42 ± 1.45 | 10–15 | 0.150 | 0.881 |
Foot | Sztriter–Godunow Index | Chippaux–Smirak Index | Staheli Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Right | 0.290 | 0.155 | 21.693 | 12.034 | 0.349 | 0.192 |
Left | 0.272 | 0.157 | 20.547 | 11.356 | 0.332 | 0.186 |
Loading of Respective Foot Zones | Foot | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Right | Left | |||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Loading of the forefoot % | 20.377 | 3.922 | 19.695 | 4.244 |
Loading of the metatarsal % | 5.868 | 3.517 | 5.919 | 3.549 |
Loading of the hindfoot % | 22.201 | 4.898 | 24.820 | 4.812 |
Loading of foot zone A % | 9.901 | 2.003 | 8.605 | 3.006 |
Loading of foot zone B % | 10.476 | 2.681 | 11.090 | 4.571 |
Loading of foot zone C % | 5.296 | 2.893 | 4.805 | 2.605 |
Loading of foot zone D % | 0.572 | 1.079 | 1.114 | 1.355 |
Loading of foot zone E % | 10.114 | 2.846 | 12.404 | 3.676 |
Loading of foot zone F % | 12.087 | 2.803 | 12.416 | 4.320 |
Foot | Index KY | Index SI | Index CSI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left Foot | Right Foot | Left Foot | Right Foot | Left Foot | Right Foot | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Normal | 116 | 34.5 | 134 | 39.9 | 86 | 25.6 | 103 | 30.7 | 115 | 34.2 | 130 | 38.7 |
Flatfoot | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 4 | 1.2 | 9 | 2.7 |
Low arch Foot | 12 | 3.6 | 17 | 5.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
High arch foot | 207 | 61.6 | 185 | 55.1 | 249 | 74.1 | 232 | 69 | 217 | 64.6 | 197 | 58.6 |
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Szczepanowska-Wołowiec, B.; Sztandera, P.; Kotela, I.; Zak, M. Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105196
Szczepanowska-Wołowiec B, Sztandera P, Kotela I, Zak M. Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105196
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzczepanowska-Wołowiec, Beata, Paulina Sztandera, Ireneusz Kotela, and Marek Zak. 2021. "Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105196