Effects of Anthropometric Growth and Basketball Experience on Physical Performance in Pre-Adolescent Male Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Anthropometric Measurements
2.2.2. Motor Tests
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Massidda, M.; Toselli, S.; Brasili, P.; Calò, C.M. Somatotype of elite Italian gymnasts. Coll. Antropol. 2013, 37, 853–857. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Monson, T.; Brasil, M.; Hlusko, L. Allometric Variation in Modern Humans and the Relationship between Body Proportions and Elite Athletic Success. J. Anthropol. Sport Phys. Educ. 2018, 2, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaccagni, L.; Rinaldo, N.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Anthropometric Indicators of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Perception Inconsistency in Young Rhythmic Gymnastics. Asian J. Sports Med. 2019, 10, e87871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zaccagni, L.; Lunghi, B.; Barbieri, D.; Rinaldo, N.; Missoni, S.; Šaric, T.; Šarac, J.; Babic, V.; Rakovac, M.; Bernardi, F.; et al. Performance prediction models based on anthropometric, genetic and psychological traits of Croatian sprinters. Biol. Sport 2019, 36, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campa, F.; Semprini, G.; Júdice, P.B.; Messina, G.; Toselli, S. Anthropometry, Physical and Movement Features, and Repeated-sprint Ability in Soccer Players. Int. J. Sports Med. 2019, 40, 100–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drinkwater, E.J.; Pyne, D.B.; McKenna, M.J. Design and interpretation of anthropometric and fitness testing of basketball players. Sport Med. 2008, 38, 565–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levinson, D.; Christensen, K. Encyclopedia of world sport: From Ancient Times to Present; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999; ISBN 0195131959. [Google Scholar]
- Guimarães, E.; Baxter-Jones, A.; Maia, J.; Fonseca, P.; Santos, A.; Santos, E.; Tavares, F.; Janeira, M. The Roles of Growth, Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Technical Skills on Selection for a Portuguese Under-14 Years Basketball Team. Sports 2019, 7, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Apostolidis, N.; Nassis, G.P.; Bolatoglou, T.; Geladas, N.D. Physiological and technical characteristics of elite young basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2004, 44, 157–163. [Google Scholar]
- Ziv, G.; Lidor, R. Physical attributes, physiological characteristics, on-court performances and nutritional strategies of female and male basketball players. Sport Med. 2009, 39, 547–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gualdi-Russo, E.; Rinaldo, N.; Pasini, A.; Zaccagni, L. Hand preference and performance in basketball tasks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guimarães, E.; Ramos, A.; Janeira, M.A.; Baxter-Jones, A.D.G.; Maia, J. How Does Biological Maturation and Training Experience Impact the Physical and Technical Performance of 11–14-Year-Old Male Basketball Players? Sports 2019, 7, 243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A.; Montalvo, A.; Latinjak, A.; Unnithan, V. Physical characteristics of elite adolescent female basketball players and their relationship to match performance. J. Hum. Kinet. 2016, 53, 167–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Towlson, C.; Cobley, S.; Parkin, G.; Lovell, R. When does the influence of maturation on anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics increase and subside? Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport 2018, 28, 1946–1955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Philippaerts, R.M.; Vaeyens, R.; Janssens, M.; Van Renterghem, B.; Matthys, D.; Craen, R.; Bourgois, J.; Vrijens, J.; Beunen, G.; Malina, R.M. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, H.M.; Coelho e Silva, M.J.; Vaz Ronque, E.R.; Gonçalves, R.S.; Philippaerts, R.M.; Malina, R.M. Assessment of reliability in isokinetic testing among adolescent basketball players. Medicina (B Aires) 2011, 47, 446–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakovljevic, S.; Macura, M.; Radivoj, M.; Jankovic, N.; Pajic, Z.; Erculj, F. Estado de madurez biológica y desempeño motriz en jugadores de baloncesto de catorce años de edad. Int. J. Morphol. 2016, 34, 637–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Coelho, E.; Silva, M.J.; Figueiredo, A.J.; Moreira Carvalho, H.; Malina, R.M. Functional capacities and sport-specific skills of 14- to 15-year-old male basketball players: Size and maturity effects. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2008, 8, 277–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leonardi, T.J.; Paes, R.R.; Breder, L.; Foster, C.; Gonçalves, C.E.; Carvalho, H.M. Biological maturation, training experience, body size and functional capacity of adolescent female basketball players: A Bayesian analysis. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2018, 13, 713–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behringer, M.; Heede, A.V.; Matthews, M.; Mester, J. Effects of strength training on motor performance skills in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2011, 23, 186–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Faigenbaum, A.D.; Kraemer, W.J.; Blimkie, C.J.R.; Jeffreys, I.; Micheli, L.J.; Nitka, M.; Rowland, T.W. Youth resistance training: Updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, S60–S79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez, A.M.; Hoffman, J.R.; Rogowski, J.P.; Burgos, W.; Manalo, E.; Weise, K.; Fragala, M.S.; Stout, J.R. Performance changes in NBA basketball players vary in starters vs. nonstarters over a competitive season. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2013, 27, 611–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Olvera, N.; McCarley, K.E.; Leung, P.; McLeod, J.; Rodriguez, A.X. Assessing physical activity preferences in latino and white preadolescents. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2009, 21, 400–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García Cruz, A.; Figueroa Suárez, J.; Osorio Ciro, J.; Rodríguez Chavarro, N.; Gallo Villegas, J. Association between nutritional status and physical abilities in children aged 6–18 years in Medellin (Colombia). Ann. Pediatría (English Ed.) 2014, 81, 343–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weiner, J.S.; Lourie, J.A. Practical Human Biology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981; ISBN 0127419608. [Google Scholar]
- Rinaldo, N.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Anthropometric Techniques; International course on Health and Immigration: Ferrara, Italy, 2015; p. 10. [Google Scholar]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NYFS) Muscle Strength (Grip) Procedures Manual. 2012. Available online: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nnyfs/Handgrip_Muscle_Strength.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2020).
- Russo, P.; Gualdi-Russo, E.; Pellegrinelli, A.; Balboni, J.; Furini, A. A new approach to obtain metric data from video surveillance: Preliminary evaluation of a low-cost stereo-photogrammetric system. Forensic Sci. Int. 2017, 271, 59–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, T.J.; Bellizzi, M.C.; Flegal, K.M.; Dietz, W.H. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. Br. Med. J. 2000, 320, 1240–1243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cole, T.J.; Flegal, K.M.; Nicholls, D.; Jackson, A.A. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. Br. Med. J. 2007, 335, 194–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Frerichs, R.R.; Harsha, D.W.; Berenson, G.S. Equations for estimating percentage of body fat in children 10-14 years old. Pediatr. Res. 1979, 13, 170–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Frisancho, A.R. Anthropometric Standards: An interactive Nutritional Reference of body Size and Body Composition for Children and Adults; University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2008; ISBN 9780472115914. [Google Scholar]
- Pauole, K.; Madole, K.; Garhammer, J.; Lacourse, M.; Rozenek, R. Reliability and Validity of the T-Test as a Measure of Agility, Leg Power, and Leg Speed in College-Aged Men and Women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2000, 14, 443–450. [Google Scholar]
- Sassi, R.H.; Dardouri, W.; Yahmed, M.H.; Gmada, N.; Mahfoudhi, M.E.; Gharbi, Z. Relative and absolute reliability of a modified agility t-test and its relationship with vertical jump and straight sprint. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 1644–1651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosco, C.; Luhtanen, P.; Komi, P.V. A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1983, 50, 273–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosco, C.; Komi, P.V.; Ito, A. Prestretch potentiation of human skeletal muscle during ballistic movement. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1981, 111, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bosco, C.; Tsarpela, O.; Foti, C.; Cardinale, M.; Tihanyi, J.; Bonifazi, M.; Viru, M.; Viru, A. Mechanical behaviour of leg extensor muscles in male and female sprinters. Biol. Sport 2002, 19, 189–202. [Google Scholar]
- Barbieri, D.; Zaccagni, L.; Babić, V.; Rakovac, M.; Mišigoj-Duraković, M.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Body composition and size in sprint athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 2017, 57, 1142–1146. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Barbieri, D.; Zaccagni, L.; Cogo, A.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Body composition and somatotype of experienced mountain climbers. High Alt. Med. Biol. 2012, 13, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toselli, S.; Campa, F. Anthropometry and functional movement patterns in elite Male volleyball players of different competitive levels. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 2601–2611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K.; Sterkowicz, S.; Biskup, L.; Zarów, R.; Kryst, Ł.; Ozimek, M. Somatotype, body composition, and physical fitness in artistic gymnasts depending on age and preferred event. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0211533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bale, P. Anthropometric, body composition and performance variables of young elite female basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 1991, 31, 173–177. [Google Scholar]
- Ángyán, L.; Téczely, T.; Zalay, Z.; Karsai, I. Relationship of anthropometrical, physiological and motor attributes to sport-specific skills. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2003, 90, 225–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greene, J.J.; McGuine, T.A.; Leverson, G.; Best, T.M. Anthropometric and performance measures for high school basketball players. J. Athl. Train. 1998, 33, 229–232. [Google Scholar]
- Hoare, D.G. Predicting success in junior elite basketball players-The contribution of anthropometic and physiological attributes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2000, 3, 391–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeličić, M.; Sekulić, D.; Marinović, M. Anthropometric characteristics of high level european junior basketball players. Coll. Antropol. 2002, 26, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Carter, J.; Ackland, T.; Kerr, D.; Stapff, A. Somatotype and size of elite female basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 2005, 23, 1057–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kinnunen, D.A.; Colon, G.; Espinoza, D.; Overby, L.Y.; Lewis, D.K. Anthropometric correlates of basketball free-throw shootings by young girls. Percept. Mot. Skills 2001, 93, 105–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Apostolidis, N.; Zacharakis, E. The influence of the anthropometric characteristics and handgrip strength on the technical skills of young basketball players. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 2015, 15, 330–337. [Google Scholar]
- Visnapuu, M.; Jürimäe, T. Relations of anthropometric parameters with scores on basic and specific motor tasks in young handball players. Percept. Mot. Skills 2009, 108, 670–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krstevski, B.; Popovski, L.; Todorovski, S.; Krstevska, E.; Krstevska, M. Differences in some anthropometric characteristics, body composition and motor capabilities in 12-year old basketball players that train two, three and more times per week. Res. Phys. Educ. Sport Health 2019, 8, 31–34. [Google Scholar]
- Malina, R.M.; Eisenmann, J.C.; Cumming, S.P.; Ribeiro, B.; Aroso, J. Maturity-associated variation in the growth and functional capacities of youth football (soccer) players 13-15 years. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 91, 555–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Temfemo, A.; Hugues, J.; Chardon, K.; Mandengue, S.H.; Ahmaidi, S. Relationship between vertical jumping performance and anthropometric characteristics during growth in boys and girls. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2009, 168, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mcguigan, M.R.; Tatasciore, M.; Newton, R.U.; Pettigrew, S. Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly alter body composition in children who are overweight or obese. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 80–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dietz, P.; Hoffmann, S.; Lachtermann, E.; Simon, P. Influence of Exclusive Resistance Training on Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight or Obese Children: A Systematic Review. Obes. Facts 2012, 5, 546–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rinaldo, N.; Zaccagni, L.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Soccer training programme improved the body composition of pre-adolescent boys and increased their satisfaction with their body image. Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr. 2016, 105, 492–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larsen, M.N.; Nielsen, C.M.; Ørntoft, C.; Randers, M.B.; Manniche, V.; Hansen, L.; Hansen, P.R.; Bangsbo, J.; Krustrup, P. Physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 3425–3434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ramos, S.; Volossovitch, A.; Ferreira, A.P.; Barrigas, C.; Fragoso, I.; Massuça, L. Differences in Maturity, Morphological, and Fitness Attributes Between the Better- and Lower-Ranked Male and Female U-14 Portuguese Elite Regional Basketball Teams. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 34, 878–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikolaidis, P.T.; Asadi, A.; Santos, E.J.A.M.; Calleja-González, J.; Padulo, J.; Chtourou, H.; Zemkova, E. Relationship of body mass status with running and jumping performances in young basketball players. Muscles. Ligaments Tendons J. 2015, 5, 187–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheppard, J.; Young, W. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 919–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jakovljević, S.; Karalejić, M.; Pajić, Z.; Gardašević, B.; Mandić, R. Influence of anthropometric characteristics on speed abilities of 14 years old elite male basketball players. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 2011, 11, 111–116. [Google Scholar]
- He, H.; Pan, L.; Du, J.; Liu, F.; Jin, Y.; Ma, J.; Wang, L.; Jia, P.; Hu, Z.; Shan, G. Muscle fitness and its association with body mass index in children and adolescents aged 7–18 years in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2019, 19, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, Y.; Chang, S.-H.; Miyashita, M.; Stensel, D.; Chen, J.-F.; Wen, L.-T.; Nakamura, Y. Associations between health-related physical fitness and obesity in Taiwanese youth. J. Sports Sci. 2013, 31, 1797–1804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ervin, R.B.; Fryar, C.D.; Wang, C.Y.; Miller, I.M.; Ogden, C.L. Strength and body weight in US children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2014, 134, e782–e789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hsieh, P.L.; Chen, M.L.; Huang, C.M.; Chen, W.C.; Li, C.H.; Chang, L.C. Physical activity, body mass index, and cardiorespiratory fitness among school children in Taiwan: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7275–7285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.C.; Malina, R.M. Body mass index and individual physical fitness tests in Taiwanese youth aged 918 years. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2010, 5, 404–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I Measurement | II Measurement | Changes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric Traits | mean | SD | mean | SD | p | mean | SD | (%) | Monthly Velocity |
Weight (kg) | 47.62 | 11.77 | 48.56 | 11.90 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 1.68 | 1.97 | 0.38 |
Stature (cm) | 155.22 | 9.17 | 156.37 | 9.26 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.46 |
Sitting height (cm) | 79.71 | 4.66 | 80.25 | 4.63 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.68 | 0.22 |
Lower limb length (cm) | 75.51 | 5.03 | 76.12 | 5.15 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 0.24 |
MUAC (cm) | 24.20 | 4.01 | 24.21 | 3.78 | 0.988 | 0.01 | 1.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
TST (mm) | 18.18 | 7.93 | 17.29 | 7.03 | 0.203 | −0.89 | 2.62 | −4.90 | −0.36 |
UMA (cm2) | 27.59 | 6.45 | 28.43 | 6.72 | 0.110 | 0.84 | 3.33 | 3.04 | 0.34 |
UFA (cm2) | 20.31 | 11.49 | 19.34 | 10.28 | 0.037 | −0.97 | 2.91 | −4.78 | −0.40 |
AFI (%) | 39.88 | 10.80 | 38.43 | 9.51 | 0.095 | −1.45 | 5.50 | −3.64 | −0.58 |
%F | 24.91 | 8.52 | 24.09 | 7.93 | 0.017 | −0.82 | 2.15 | −3.29 | −0.33 |
FM (kg) | 12.59 | 7.14 | 12.39 | 6.80 | 0.316 | −0.20 | −1.29 | −1.59 | −0.08 |
FFM (kg) | 35.03 | 6.34 | 36.17 | 6.63 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 1.38 | 3.37 | 0.48 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.62 | 3.63 | 19.72 | 3.67 | 0.356 | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.51 | 0.04 |
Right HG (kg) | 21.28 | 5.15 | 21.79 | 5.42 | 0.236 | 0.51 | 2.79 | 2.40 | 0.20 |
Left HG (kg) | 20.51 | 5.39 | 21.24 | 5.88 | 0.068 | 0.73 | 2.57 | 3.56 | 0.29 |
Performance tests | |||||||||
SJ (cm) | 23.88 | 3.72 | 25.64 | 4.68 | 0.001 | 1.76 | 2.67 | 7.37 | 0.70 |
CMJ (cm) | 25.59 | 3.79 | 26.97 | 4.61 | 0.006 | 1.38 | 3.12 | 5.39 | 0.55 |
20 m Dash (s) | 3.35 | 0.27 | 3.22 | 0.27 | <0.001 | −0.13 | 0.17 | −3.88 | −0.05 |
Ball throw (cm) | 364.27 | 74.86 | 377.02 | 75.00 | 0.001 | 12.76 | 21.02 | 3.50 | 5.10 |
T-Test (s) | 11.95 | 1.17 | 11.65 | 1.11 | <0.001 | −0.30 | 0.41 | −2.51 | −0.12 |
SJ | CMJ | 20 m Dash | Ball Throw | T-test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changes | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p |
Weight | 0.109 | 0.502 | 0.239 | 0.137 | 0.096 | 0.554 | 0.185 | 0.253 | −0.033 | 0.841 |
Stature | 0.017 | 0.917 | 0.116 | 0.476 | 0.165 | 0.308 | −0.110 | 0.497 | 0.171 | 0.290 |
Sit.height | 0.085 | 0.602 | 0.015 | 0.926 | 0.159 | 0.328 | −0.151 | 0.352 | 0.274 | 0.087 |
LL length | −0.057 | 0.729 | 0.135 | 0.405 | 0.066 | 0.685 | −0.003 | 0.987 | −0.033 | 0.839 |
MUAC | 0.033 | 0.840 | 0.074 | 0.651 | −0.134 | 0.411 | −0.047 | 0.774 | −0.138 | 0.396 |
TST | 0.142 | 0.381 | 0.177 | 0.276 | −0.430 | 0.006 | −0.181 | 0.266 | 0.585 | <0.001 |
UMA | −0.050 | 0.714 | −0.043 | 0.791 | 0.185 | 0.254 | 0.133 | 0.414 | 0.274 | 0.087 |
UFA | 0.148 | 0.361 | 0.188 | 0.245 | −0.427 | 0.006 | −0.232 | 0.150 | −0.551 | <0.001 |
AFI | 0.102 | 0.531 | 0.132 | 0.418 | −0.364 | 0.021 | −0.105 | 0.518 | −0.530 | <0.001 |
%F | 0.210 | 0.330 | 0.210 | 0.194 | −0.448 | 0.004 | −0.119 | 0.464 | −0.582 | <0.001 |
FM | 0.110 | 0.501 | 0.166 | 0.305 | −0.350 | 0.027 | −0.151 | 0.351 | −0.412 | 0.008 |
FFM | 0.035 | 0.830 | 0.145 | 0.372 | 0.202 | 0.212 | 0.369 | 0.019 | 0.337 | 0.033 |
BMI | 0.103 | 0.526 | 0.202 | 0.212 | −0.140 | 0.388 | 0.162 | 0.318 | −0.078 | 0.633 |
R HG | 0.053 | 0.743 | 0.224 | 0.166 | 0.100 | 0.541 | 0.438 | 0.005 | 0.249 | 0.122 |
L HG | 0.041 | 0.800 | 0.065 | 0.691 | −0.155 | 0.338 | 0.226 | 0.161 | 0.054 | 0.739 |
20 m Dash (s) | T-test (s) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variables | β | t | p | VIF | β | t | p | VIF |
Years of practice | −0.389 | −3.453 | 0.002 | 1.054 | −0.248 | −1.991 | 0.046 | 1.054 |
%F change | −0.485 | −4.304 | <0.001 | 1.056 | −0.613 | −4.913 | <0.001 | 1.056 |
Weight status | ||||||||
- Underweight | −0.281 | −2.390 | 0.023 | 0.132 | −0.216 | −1.654 | 0.108 | 1.153 |
- Normal weight | −0.317 | −2.789 | 0.009 | 0.068 | −0.157 | −1.244 | 0.222 | 1.072 |
- Overweight | −0.069 | −0.600 | 0.553 | 0.101 | 0.065 | 0.509 | 0.614 | 1.112 |
- Obese (reference) | ||||||||
R2 | 0.6032 | 0.5129 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.5431 | 0.4391 | ||||||
p | <0.0001 | 0.0002 |
Medicine Ball Throw (cm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variables | β | t | p | VIF |
Years of practice | 0.311 | 2.694 | 0.011 | 1.082 |
FFM change | 0.121 | 1.018 | 0.316 | 1.140 |
Right HG change | 0.424 | 3.679 | 0.014 | 1.070 |
Weight status | ||||
- Underweight | −0.307 | −2.598 | 0.014 | 1.165 |
- Normal weight | −0.346 | −2.991 | 0.005 | 1.103 |
- Overweight | 0.185 | 1.568 | 0.127 | 1.144 |
- Obese (reference) | ||||
R2 | 0.6029 | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.5284 | |||
p | <0.0001 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rinaldo, N.; Toselli, S.; Gualdi-Russo, E.; Zedda, N.; Zaccagni, L. Effects of Anthropometric Growth and Basketball Experience on Physical Performance in Pre-Adolescent Male Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072196
Rinaldo N, Toselli S, Gualdi-Russo E, Zedda N, Zaccagni L. Effects of Anthropometric Growth and Basketball Experience on Physical Performance in Pre-Adolescent Male Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072196
Chicago/Turabian StyleRinaldo, Natascia, Stefania Toselli, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Nicoletta Zedda, and Luciana Zaccagni. 2020. "Effects of Anthropometric Growth and Basketball Experience on Physical Performance in Pre-Adolescent Male Players" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072196