Changes in Thyroid and Glycemic Status and Food Intake in Children with Excess Weight Who Were Submitted for a Multi-Component School Intervention for 16 Months
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Study Design
2.2. Anthropometry
2.3. Biochemistry
2.4. Dietary Evaluation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Excess Weight (BMI ≥ 1 z Score) | Treatment 1 (n = 73; B 27, G46) | Treatment 2 (n = 103; B 51, G 52) | pb |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 9.83 ± 0.85 | 9.40 ± 0.90 | 0.001 |
HAZ (z score) | 0.60 ± 0.89 | 0.68 ± 0.93 | 0.557 |
BMI/A (z score) | 2.04 ± 0.72 | 1.98 ± 0.70 | 0.588 |
Waist hip ratio | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.688 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.949 |
TSH (mIU/L) † | 2.39 (2.12–2.69) | 1.48 (1.34–1.62) | <0.001 |
FT3 (pmol/L) † | 5.93 (5.75–6.11) | 5.26 (5.10–5.36) | <0.001 |
FT4 (pmol/L) † | 14.00 (13.59–14.29) | 12.17 (11.93–12.42) | <0.001 |
Insulin (pmol/L) † | 54.03 (48.40–60.31) | 65.99 (59.71–72.20) | 0.008 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 0.40 | 5.14 ± 0.33 | 0.903 |
HOMA-IR † | 2.05 (1.82–2.31) | 2.50 (2.27–2.77) | 0.014 |
Excess Weight (BMI ≥ 1 z Score) | Treatment 1 (n = 55, B18, G37) | Treatment 2 (n = 87, B43, G44) | pb |
---|---|---|---|
HAZ (z score) | −0.02 (−0.80–1.00) | 0.05 (−1.17–0.92) | 0.156 |
BMI/A (z score) | −0.19 (−1.48–0.71) | −0.19 (−1.19–0.61) | 0.717 |
Waist hip ratio | −0.01 (−0.07–0.06) | −0.01 (−0.09–0.09) | 0.650 |
Waist-to-height ratio | −0.01 (−0.05–0.04) | −0.01 (−0.08–0.04) | 0.081 |
TSH (mIU/L) | −0.45 (−3.19–2.17) | 0.06 (−4.57–1.63) | 0.001 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | −0.46 (−2.92–1.54) | −0.15 (−2.46–1.38) | 0.038 |
FT4 (pmol/L) | −1.41 (−6.18–3.47) | −0.90 (−4.89–2.96) | 0.018 |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 8.13 (−91.62–80.82) | 11.40 (−87.00–150.00) | 0.688 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.16 (−0.72–0.94) | −0.05 (−1.17–1.33) | 0.227 |
HOMA-IR | 0.20 (−3.79–3.10) | 0.40 (−3.92–7.13) | 0.473 |
Type of Treatment | Baseline | |||
FT3 Normal | FT3 Above | Total | p | |
Treatment 1 n (%) | 41 (23.3) | 32 (18.1) | 73 (41.4) | |
Treatment 2 n (%) | 89 (50.6) | 14 (8.0) | 103 (58.6) | 0.001 |
Total | 130 (73.9) | 46 (26.1) | 176 (100) | |
Type of treatment | Follow-up | |||
FT3 Normal | FT3 Above | Total | p | |
Treatment 1 n (%) | 49 (34.0) | 9 (6.2) | 58 (40.3) | |
Treatment 2 n (%) | 83 (57.6) | 3 (2.1) | 86 (59.7) | 0.014 |
Total | 132 (91.7) | 12 (8.3) | 144 (100) |
Total | Baseline | 16 Months | p Treatment | p Time | p Treatment × Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 8575 (8116–9443) | 7304 (6806–7840) | 0.439 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Treatment 2 | 8233 (7815–8677) | 8267 (7739–8832) | |||
Total Fat (g) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 77 (70–84) | 62 (58–68) | 0.163 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Treatment 2 | 74 (69–78) | 74 (69–81) | |||
Total carbohydrate (g) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 268 (251–287) | 228 (211–246) | 0.774 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
Treatment 2 | 252 (239–265) | 248 (233–264) | |||
Total Protein (g) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 84 (77–91) | 68 (64–73) | 0.761 | 0.010 | <0.001 |
Treatment 2 | 75 (71–79) | 78 (73–84) | |||
Sodium (mg) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 3315 (3056–3595) | 2746 (2590–2911) | 0.176 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
Treatment 2 | 3150 (2998–3310) | 3217 (2972–3482) | |||
Sugar (g) | |||||
Treatment 1 | 107 (98–117) | 84 (75–95) | 0.078 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
Treatment 2 | 89 (82–96) | 83 (77–90) |
Variables | Age (Years) | TSH (mIU/L) | FT3 (pmol/L) | FT4 (pmol/L) | Insulin (pmol/L) | Glucose (mmol/L) | HOMA-IR | HAZ (z Score) | BMI/A (z Score) | WHR | Waist to Height Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSH (mIU/L) † | −0.027 | ||||||||||
FT3 (pmol/L)† | −0.152 * | 0.279 ** | |||||||||
FT4 (pmol/L) † | −0.020 | 0.333 * | 0.364 ** | ||||||||
Insulin (pmol/L) † | 0.053 | 0.075 | 0.114 | −0.155 * | |||||||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.082 | 0.108 | 0.191 * | 0.078 | 0.307 ** | ||||||
HOMA-IR † | 0.061 | 0.085 | 0.133 | −0.138 | 0.992 ** | 0.424 ** | |||||
HAZ (z score) | −0.088 | −0.110 | 0.066 | −0.128 | 0.273** | 0.004 | 0.264 ** | ||||
BMI/A (z score) | −0.051 | 0.087 | 0.212 ** | 0.047 | 0.463 ** | 0.116 | 0.460 ** | 0.311 ** | |||
WHR | −0.236 ** | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.041 | 0.201 ** | 0.031 | 0.195 * | −0.037 | 0.431 ** | ||
Waist to height ratio | −0.077 | 0.139 | 0.230 ** | 0.071 | 0.451 ** | 0.083 | 0.443 ** | 0.037 | 0.844 ** | 0.700 ** | |
Sugar (mg) | −0.039 | 0.183 * | 0.124 | 0.034 | −0.087 | −0.083 | −0.101 | 0.044 | 0.066 | 0.057 | 0.011 |
Variables | Age (Years) | TSH (mIU/L) | FT3 (pmol/L) | FT4 (pmol/L) | Insulin (pmol/L) | Glucose (mmol/L) | HOMA-IR | HAZ (z Score) | BMI/A (z Score) | WHR | Waist to Height Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSH (mIU/L) † | 0.085 | ||||||||||
FT3 (pmol/L) † | −0.227 ** | 0.118 | |||||||||
FT4 (pmol/L) † | −0.030 | 0.119 | 0.270 ** | ||||||||
Insulin (pmol/L) † | 0.119 | 0.079 | 0.041 | −0.221 ** | |||||||
Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.015 | 0.137 | −0.053 | −0.209 * | 0.298 ** | ||||||
HOMA-IR † | 0.067 | 0.062 | 0.006 | −0.260 ** | 0.922 ** | 0.373 ** | |||||
HAZ (z score) | −0.126 | −0.104 | 0.092 | −0.140 | 0.318 ** | 0.149 | 0.274 ** | ||||
BMI/A (z score) | −0.012 | 0.042 | 0.222 ** | 0.085 | 0.429 ** | −0.028 | 0.364 ** | 0.235 ** | |||
WHR | −0.251 ** | 0.068 | 0.182 * | 0.065 | 0.190 * | −0.023 | 0.164 * | −0.069 | 0.420 ** | ||
Waist to height ratio | 0.011 | 0.123 | 0.250 ** | 0.151 | 0.407 ** | −0.055 | 0.345 ** | −0.043 | 0.887 ** | 0.677 ** | |
Sugar (mg) | 0.001 | 0.058 | −0.008 | 0.044 | −0.157 | −0.134 | −0.187 | 0.002 | −0.075 | −0.001 | −0.095 |
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Martins, V.J.B.; Filgueiras, A.R.; Almeida, V.B.P.; de Moraes, R.C.S.; Sawaya, A.L. Changes in Thyroid and Glycemic Status and Food Intake in Children with Excess Weight Who Were Submitted for a Multi-Component School Intervention for 16 Months. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113825
Martins VJB, Filgueiras AR, Almeida VBP, de Moraes RCS, Sawaya AL. Changes in Thyroid and Glycemic Status and Food Intake in Children with Excess Weight Who Were Submitted for a Multi-Component School Intervention for 16 Months. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113825
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, Vinicius J. B., Andrea R. Filgueiras, Viviane B. P. Almeida, Rúbia C. S. de Moraes, and Ana L. Sawaya. 2020. "Changes in Thyroid and Glycemic Status and Food Intake in Children with Excess Weight Who Were Submitted for a Multi-Component School Intervention for 16 Months" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113825