The Impact of Spousal Migration on the Mental Health of Nepali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Sample
2.2. Sampling Process
2.3. Data Collection Procedures
2.4. Statistical Methods
2.5. Patient Public Involvement
2.6. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Knowledge and Belief | Agree | Disagree |
---|---|---|
N (%) | ||
Mental health problem is common affecting one in every five adults | 339 (88.7) | 43 (11.3) |
Mental health problem does not affect children and young population | 52 (13.6) | 330 (86.4) |
Mental illness is communicable | 45 (11.8) | 337 (88.2) |
People with mental illness can be identified by physical appearance | 280 (73.3) | 102 (26.7) |
Mental illness cannot be cured | 130 (34.0) | 252 (66.0) |
People with mental illness are unable to work | 297 (77.7) | 85 (22.2) |
People with mental illness require help of other for treatment | 339 (88.7) | 43 (11.3) |
It is a shame if anyone in my family incurs mental illness | 51 (13.3) | 331 (86.6) |
I feel convenient to interact with people with mental illness | 185 (48.4) | 197 (51.6) |
Mentally ill people are violent | 229 (59.9) | 153 (40.0) |
Mental illness is genetic | 83 (21.7) | 299 (78.3) |
Stressful events in life may trigger mental illness | 346 (90.6) | 36 (9.4) |
Abuse may trigger mental illness | 336 (88.0) | 46 (12.0) |
Mentally ill people are synonymized as “insane” in our community | 240 (62.8) | 142 (37.2) |
Mentally ill people are admitted in psychiatric hospital and treated immediately | 204 (53.4) | 178 (46.6) |
Mental illness is caused by the “sin” perpetrated in the past life | 32 (8.4) | 350 (91.6) |
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Variables | Mean (SD) |
---|---|
Age | 29.8 (6.1) |
Completed education (years) | 8.1 (4.1) |
Household income per year (NPR) | 23,002 (7189) |
Household members | 5.9 (3.2) |
Number (%) | |
Ethnicity | |
Indigenous Terai | 168 (44) |
Madhesi | 102 (26.7) |
Dalit Terai | 39 (10.2) |
Indigenous Hill | 32 (8.4) |
Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri | 18 (4.7) |
Muslim | 18 (4.7) |
Other | 5 (1.3) |
Religion | |
Hindu | 348 (91.1) |
Muslim | 21 (5.5) |
Boudhha | 12 (3.1) |
Other | 1 (0.3) |
Social media account | 300 (67.8) |
Bank account | 259 (67.8) |
Property ownership | 65 (17.0) |
Occupation | 27 (7.1) |
NPR: Nepali Rupee, 1 US$=114 NPR (as of 10 February 2020) |
Variables | Number (%) |
---|---|
Destination country | |
Malaysia | 133 (34.8) |
Saudi Arabia | 108 (28.3) |
Qatar | 71 (18.6) |
United Arab Emirates | 51 (13.3) |
Other | 19 (5.0) |
Occupation | |
Technician | 133 (34.8) |
Labourer | 109 (28.5) |
Driver | 40 (10.5) |
Security guard | 23 (6.0) |
Hotel worker | 21 (5.5) |
Cook/chef | 11 (2.9) |
Agriculture worker | 9 (2.4) |
Shop/supermarket worker | 8 (2.1) |
Other | 28 (7.3) |
Average interval of return | |
Within 1 year | 16 (4.2) |
1 to 2 years | 157 (41.2) |
2 to 3 years | 159 (41.7) |
3 to 4 years | 38 (10.0) |
Five years or more | 11 (2.9) |
Average frequency of remittance | |
Once a month | 96 (25.2) |
Every three months | 266 (69.8) |
Once in every six months | 16 (4.2) |
Once a year | 2 (0.5) |
Not sent yet | 1 (0.3) |
Communication with husband | |
At least once a day | 276 (72.2) |
At least once a week | 103 (27.0) |
Once a month | 3 (0.8) |
Usually who initiate for communication? | |
Husband | 214 (56.0) |
Equally both | 133 (34.8) |
Wife | 35 (9.2) |
Variables | GHQ | BDI | CD-RISC |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | |||
Living status | |||
Single family | 8.7 (4.3) | 6.4 (4.9) | 76.1 (14.1) |
Joint family | 8.1 (3.9) | 6.2 (4.4) | 76.7 (13.8) |
Destination country | |||
Middle East (n = 133) | 8.1 (4.4) | 6.1 (4.8) | 77.0 (13.3) |
Malaysia (n = 244) | 8.7 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.3) | 75.9 (14.8) |
Occupation of husband | |||
Labourer (n = 82) | 8.7 (4.4) | 6.4 (4.9) | 73.5 (14.9) |
Technician (n = 127) | 8.0 (3.7) | 6.5 (4.9) | 77.1 (13.7) |
Driver (n = 40) | 8.0 (4.3) | 6.9 (4.2) | 76.0 (13.9) |
Husband return frequency | |||
Within 2 years | 7.2 (3.5) *** | 6.4 (4.1) | 77.2 (15.2) |
More than 2 years | 9.3 (4.3) | 6.2 (4.9) | 75.9 (12.7) |
Remittance frequency | |||
Once a month | 7.8 (4.0) * | 5.8 (5.1) | 78.5 (11.3) *** |
Every three months | 8.4 (4.0) | 6.4 (4.3) | 76.5 (14.5) |
Six months or more | 10.2 (4.8) | 7.7 (5.7) | 67.9 (13.0) |
Communication with husband | |||
At least once a day | 8.1 (4.3) * | 5.9 (4.6) * | 77.7 (13.5) ** |
At least once a week | 8.9 (3.5) | 6.9 (4.6) | 73.8 (14.4) |
Variable | Estimate (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|
Communication with husband (at least once a day compared to at least once a week) | 3.6 (0.4 to 6.9) | 0.03 |
Age (per decade older) | −0.2 (−2.9 to 2.4) | 0.84 |
Completed education (years) | 0.02 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 0.86 |
Husband return frequency (within two years compared to more than two years) | −0.6 (−3.5 to 2.3) | 0.69 |
Husband migration duration (years) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | 0.53 |
Living status (joint family compared to single family) | 0.5 (−2.7 to 3.7) | 0.75 |
Remittance frequency (at least monthly compared to more than monthly) | −2.2 (−5.6 to 1.1) | 0.19 |
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Aryal, N.; Regmi, P.R.; van Teijlingen, E.; Trenoweth, S.; Adhikary, P.; Simkhada, P. The Impact of Spousal Migration on the Mental Health of Nepali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041292
Aryal N, Regmi PR, van Teijlingen E, Trenoweth S, Adhikary P, Simkhada P. The Impact of Spousal Migration on the Mental Health of Nepali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041292
Chicago/Turabian StyleAryal, Nirmal, Pramod R. Regmi, Edwin van Teijlingen, Steven Trenoweth, Pratik Adhikary, and Padam Simkhada. 2020. "The Impact of Spousal Migration on the Mental Health of Nepali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041292