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Article

Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health

by
Silvânia Da Veiga Leal
1,*,
Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela
1,
Aderitow Augusto Lopes Gonçalves
1,
Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro
1,
Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa
1,
Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça
1,
Adilson José De Pina
2,
Maria João Alves
3,4 and
Hugo Costa Osório
3,4
1
Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Largo do Desastre da Assistência, Chã de Areia, Praia 719, Cabo Verde
2
Programa de Pré-Eliminação do Paludismo, CCS-SIDA, Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Varzea, Praia 855, Cabo Verde
3
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal
4
Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso 0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291
Submission received: 27 November 2019 / Revised: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 8 December 2019 / Published: 17 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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Abstract

Background: Mosquito-borne viruses, such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya, are important causes of human diseases nearly worldwide. The greatest health risk for arboviral disease outbreaks is the presence of the most competent and highly invasive domestic mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In Cabo Verde, two recent arbovirus outbreaks were reported, a dengue outbreak in 2009, followed by a Zika outbreak in 2015. This study is the first entomological survey for Ae. aegypti that includes all islands of Cabo Verde archipelago, in which we aim to evaluate the actual risk of vector-borne arboviruses as a continuous update of the geographical distribution of this species. Methods: In order to assess its current distribution and abundance, we undertook a mosquito larval survey in the nine inhabited islands of Cabo Verde from November 2018 to May 2019. Entomological larval survey indices were calculated, and the abundance analyzed. We collected and identified 4045 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from 264 positive breeding sites in 22 municipalities and confirmed the presence of Ae. aegypti in every inhabited island. Results: Water drums were found to be the most prevalent containers (n = 3843; 62.9%), but puddles (n = 27; 0.4%) were the most productive habitats found. The overall average of the House, Container, and Breteau larval indices were 8.4%, 4.4%, and 10.9, respectively. However, 15 out of the 22 municipalities showed that the Breteau Index was above the epidemic risk threshold. Conclusion: These results suggest that if no vector control measures are considered to be in place, the risk of new arboviral outbreaks in Cabo Verde is high. The vector control strategy adopted must include measures of public health directed to domestic water storage and management.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; arboviruses; larval index; surveillance; control; Cabo Verde Aedes aegypti; arboviruses; larval index; surveillance; control; Cabo Verde

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MDPI and ACS Style

Leal, S.D.V.; Fernandes Varela, I.B.; Lopes Gonçalves, A.A.; Sousa Monteiro, D.D.; Ramos de Sousa, C.M.; Lima Mendonça, M.d.L.; De Pina, A.J.; Alves, M.J.; Osório, H.C. Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291

AMA Style

Leal SDV, Fernandes Varela IB, Lopes Gonçalves AA, Sousa Monteiro DD, Ramos de Sousa CM, Lima Mendonça MdL, De Pina AJ, Alves MJ, Osório HC. Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leal, Silvânia Da Veiga, Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela, Aderitow Augusto Lopes Gonçalves, Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro, Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa, Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça, Adilson José De Pina, Maria João Alves, and Hugo Costa Osório. 2020. "Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291

APA Style

Leal, S. D. V., Fernandes Varela, I. B., Lopes Gonçalves, A. A., Sousa Monteiro, D. D., Ramos de Sousa, C. M., Lima Mendonça, M. d. L., De Pina, A. J., Alves, M. J., & Osório, H. C. (2020). Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291

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