Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Entomological Collections and Sampling Methodology
2.3. Morphological Identification
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Entomological Indices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Island | Municipalities | All Species | Ae. aegypti | Total of Inspected Houses | Total of Inspected Containers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Houses | Positive Containers | Positive Houses | Positive Containers | ||||||
Indoor | Outdoor | Indoor | Outdoor | ||||||
Santo Antão | Paul | 11 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 123 | 231 |
Porto Novo | 23 | 5 | 26 | 14 | 4 | 11 | 112 | 201 | |
Ribeira Grande | 18 | 2 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 125 | 251 | |
São Vicente | São Vicente | 14 | 8 | 16 | 13 | 6 | 15 | 105 | 354 |
São Nicolau | Tarrafal | 27 | 0 | 30 | 25 | 0 | 28 | 125 | 302 |
Ribeira Brava | 56 | 2 | 68 | 14 | 1 | 19 | 103 | 240 | |
Sal | Sal | 6 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 129 | 282 |
Boavista | Boavista | 13 | 0 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 107 | 246 |
Maio | Maio | 25 | 24 | 9 | 22 | 21 | 9 | 101 | 324 |
Santiago | Tarrafal | 21 | 6 | 21 | 16 | 0 | 21 | 120 | 274 |
São Miguel | 19 | 4 | 22 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 149 | 276 | |
Santa Catarina | 8 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 117 | 282 | |
São Salvador do Mundo | 21 | 4 | 21 | 17 | 4 | 16 | 121 | 319 | |
São Lourenço dos Órgãos | 11 | 2 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 130 | 406 | |
Santa Cruz | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 142 | 359 | |
São Domingos | 20 | 1 | 19 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 134 | 281 | |
Praia | 11 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 140 | 386 | |
Ribeira Grande | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 108 | 208 | |
Fogo | São Filipe | 13 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 100 | 151 |
Mosteiros | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 105 | 138 | |
Santa Catarina | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 242 | |
Brava | Brava | 35 | 2 | 44 | 29 | 2 | 35 | 116 | 360 |
Total | 364 | 72 | 386 | 218 | 55 | 209 | 2612 | 6113 |
Container | No. of Containers with Ae. aegypti (%) | No. of Ae. aegypti (%) | No. of Containers with Other Species (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ceramic pots | 5 (1.9) | 101 (2.5) | 1 (0.5) |
Buckets | 10 (3.8) | 102 (2.5) | 2 (1.0) |
Cisterns | 8 (3.0) | 107 (2.6) | 6 (3.1) |
Water drums | 162 (61.4) | 1904 (46.1) | 53 (27.6) |
Flowerpots | 38 (14.4) | 1455 (36.0) | 9 (4.7) |
Puddles | 3 (1.1) | 26 (0.6) | 6(3.1) |
Tanks | 21 (8.0) | 249 (6.2) | 70 (36.5) |
Tires | 2 (0.8) | 11 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Other | 8 (3.0) | 47 (1.2) | 45 (23.4) |
Water fountains | 7 (2.7) | 43 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Total | 264 | 4045 | 192 |
Island | Municipalities | Entomological Indices | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HI (%) | CI (%) | BI | ||
Santo Antão | Paul | 6.5 | 3.5 | 6.5 |
Porto Novo | 12.5 | 7.5 | 13.4 | |
Ribeira Grande | 6.4 | 6.0 | 12.0 | |
São Vicente | São Vicente | 12.4 | 5.9 | 20.0 |
São Nicolau | Tarrafal | 20.0 | 9.27 | 22.4 |
Ribeira Brava | 13.6 | 8.3 | 19.4 | |
Sal | Sal * | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Boavista | Boavista * | 3.7 | 2.0 | 4.7 |
Maio | Maio | 21.8 | 9.3 | 29.7 |
Santiago | Tarrafal | 13.3 | 7.7 | 17.5 |
São Miguel | 6.7 | 4.3 | 8.1 | |
Santa Catarina | 3.4 | 1.4 | 3.4 | |
São Salvador do Mundo | 14.1 | 6.3 | 16.5 | |
São Lourenço dos Órgãos * | 2.3 | 1.2 | 3.8 | |
Santa Cruz * | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | |
São Domingos | 6.0 | 2.8 | 6.0 | |
Praia | 5.0 | 2.1 | 5.7 | |
Ribeira Grande * | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.7 | |
Fogo | São Filipe | 6.0 | 4.6 | 7.0 |
Mosteiros * | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.9 | |
Santa Catarina ** | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Brava | Brava | 25.0 | 10.3 | 31.9 |
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Leal, S.D.V.; Fernandes Varela, I.B.; Lopes Gonçalves, A.A.; Sousa Monteiro, D.D.; Ramos de Sousa, C.M.; Lima Mendonça, M.d.L.; De Pina, A.J.; Alves, M.J.; Osório, H.C. Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291
Leal SDV, Fernandes Varela IB, Lopes Gonçalves AA, Sousa Monteiro DD, Ramos de Sousa CM, Lima Mendonça MdL, De Pina AJ, Alves MJ, Osório HC. Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeal, Silvânia Da Veiga, Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela, Aderitow Augusto Lopes Gonçalves, Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro, Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa, Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça, Adilson José De Pina, Maria João Alves, and Hugo Costa Osório. 2020. "Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041291