Tourism, Transportation and Low-Carbon City System Coupling Coordination Degree: A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Relationship between Tourism and Transportation
2.2. Relationship between Tourism and Low-Carbon Cities
2.3. Relationship between Transportation and Low-Carbon Cities
3. Study Area
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Index System
4.2. Data Collection and Pre-Processing
4.3. Entropy Weight Method
4.4. Gray Relational Analysis
4.5. Coupling Coordination Degree Model (CCDM)
5. Results
5.1. Indicator Weights
5.2. Results on the Overall Level of the Subsystems
5.3. Coupling Coordination Degree
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Increase capital investment in the tourism industry, rationally develop tourism resources, build tourism destinations, tourism products and infrastructure supporting services, and realize intensive use of tourism resources.
- (2)
- Reasonably adjust the spatial layout of economic tourist development, vigorously develop eco-tourism and low-carbon tourism, increase the urban ecological environment and ecological civilization, and seek sustainable urban development.
- (3)
- Expand the spatial structure of tourism, further shorten the space-time distance between tourist destinations and source areas, and ensure a comprehensive modern tourism transportation network made up of aviation, railways, highways, waterways and scenic circles.
- (4)
- From a low-carbon development perspective, adjust industrial structures, develop clean energy, improve energy consumption structures, implement energy conservation and emissions reductions, and reduce the impact of industrial development on the environment [50].
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subsystem | First-Class Index | Second-Class Index | References |
---|---|---|---|
Tourism subsystem (x) | Industrial scale | Total star-rated hotels (number) (x1) | [26,27,28,30,33,34] |
Total travel agencies (number) (x2) | [26,27,29,34] | ||
Total number of beds in hotels (unit) (x3) | [27,30] | ||
number of A-grade tourist attractions (unit) (x4) | [27,28,32,34] | ||
Employees in the tourism industry (person) (x5) | [26,27,28,32] | ||
Original value of the tourism enterprise fixed assets (10,000 yuan) (x6) | [27,28] | ||
Industrial performance | International tourism receipts (10,000 US $) (x7) | [25,26,32,33,34] | |
Number of international tourists (millions) (x8) | [25,26,32,33,34] | ||
The average daily per capita expenditure by international tourists (US $/daily per capita) (x9) | [33] | ||
Room occupancy rate (%) (x10) | [27,28] | ||
Tourism operating receipts (10,000 CNY) (x11) | [38] | ||
Transportation subsystem (y) | Industrial scale | Length of highways in operation (km) (y1) | [25,33] |
Length of railways in operation (km) (y2) | [33] | ||
Number of civilian passenger cars (10,000 units) (y3) | [25] | ||
Municipal area of paved roads (10,000 sq.m) (y4) | [25] | ||
Industrial performance | Railway passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y5) | [25,32,33] | |
Highway passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y6) | [25,32,33] | ||
Civil aviation passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y7) | [25,33] | ||
Railway passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y8) | [25,32,33] | ||
Highway passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y9) | [25,32,33] | ||
Civil aviation passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y10) | [25,33] | ||
Low-carbon city subsystem (z) | Energy consumption | Total energy consumption (10,000 tonnes of SCE) (z1) | [27] |
Energy consumption per unit of GDP (tonnes of SCE/10,000 CNY) (z2) | [27,31,34,35] | ||
Annual per capita energy consumption (kg of SCE) (z3) | [34] | ||
Energy consumption elasticity ratio (z4) | [27,34] | ||
Carbon emission | Carbon emissions per capita (tonnes/person) (z5) | [23,27,31,34,37] | |
Total carbon emissions (10,000 tonnes) (z6) | [23,27] | ||
Carbon productivity (10,000 CNY/10,000 tonnes) (z7) | [24,27,34] | ||
Low-carbon environment | Innocuous disposal rate of living garbage (%) (z8) | [27,34] | |
Afforestation area per capita (1000 Ha) (z9) | [39] | ||
Urban green coverage rate (%) (z10) | [31,34] |
Range | Scoring Standard | Classification |
---|---|---|
Coordinated development (acceptable) | 0.8 < D < 1 | High coordination |
0.7 < D < 0.8 | Intermediate coordination | |
0.6 < D < 0.7 | Primary coordination | |
Transitional development | 0.5 < D < 0.6 | Reluctant coordination |
0.4 < D < 0.5 | Approaching imbalance | |
Imbalanced development (unacceptable) | 0.3 < D < 0.4 | Slight imbalance |
0.2 < D < 0.3 | Moderate imbalance | |
0 < D < 0.2 | High imbalance |
Subsystem | First-Class Index | Weight | Second-Class Index | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tourism subsystem (x) | Industrial scale | 0.4733 | Total star-rated hotels (number) (x1) | 0.0603 |
Total travel agencies (number) (x2) | 0.0746 | |||
Total number of beds in hotels (unit) (x3) | 0.0936 | |||
number of A-grade tourist attractions (unit) (x4) | 0.1339 | |||
Employees in the tourism industry (person) (x5) | 0.0511 | |||
Original value of the tourism enterprise fixed assets (10,000 yuan) (x6) | 0.0598 | |||
Industrial performance | 0.5267 | International tourism receipts (10,000 US $) (x7) | 0.0914 | |
Number of international tourists (millions) (x8) | 0.0976 | |||
The average daily per capita expenditure by international tourists (US $/daily per capita) (x9) | 0.1521 | |||
Room occupancy rate (%) (x10) | 0.1010 | |||
Tourism operating receipts (10,000 CNY) (x11) | 0.0846 | |||
Transportation subsystem (y) | Industrial scale | 0.3637 | Length of highways in operation (km) (y1) | 0.0844 |
Length of railways in operation (km) (y2) | 0.1135 | |||
Number of civilian passenger cars (10,000 units) (y3) | 0.0959 | |||
Municipal area of paved roads (10,000 sq.m) (y4) | 0.0699 | |||
Industrial performance | 0.6364 | Railway passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y5) | 0.1264 | |
Highway passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y6) | 0.1125 | |||
Civil aviation passenger traffic (10,000 persons) (y7) | 0.0886 | |||
Railway passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y8) | 0.1118 | |||
Highway passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y9) | 0.0994 | |||
Civil aviation passenger turnover (100 million per-km) (y10) | 0.0977 | |||
Low-carbon city subsystem (z) | Energy consumption | 0.4987 | Total energy consumption (10,000 tonnes of SCE) (z1) | 0.1479 |
Energy consumption per unit of GDP (tonnes of SCE/10,000 CNY) (z2) | 0.0967 | |||
Annual per capita energy consumption (kg of SCE) (z3) | 0.1462 | |||
Energy consumption elasticity ratio (z4) | 0.1079 | |||
Carbon emission | 0.3188 | Carbon emissions per capita (tonnes/person) (z5) | 0.0715 | |
Total carbon emissions (10,000 tonnes) (z6) | 0.0773 | |||
Carbon productivity (10,000 CNY/10,000 tonnes) (z7) | 0.1702 | |||
Low-carbon environment | 0.1825 | Innocuous disposal rate of living garbage (%) (z8) | 0.0459 | |
Afforestation area per capita (1000 Ha) (z9) | 0.0818 | |||
Urban green coverage rate (%) (z10) | 0.0548 |
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Deng, F.; Fang, Y.; Xu, L.; Li, Z. Tourism, Transportation and Low-Carbon City System Coupling Coordination Degree: A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030792
Deng F, Fang Y, Xu L, Li Z. Tourism, Transportation and Low-Carbon City System Coupling Coordination Degree: A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030792
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Fumin, Yuan Fang, Lin Xu, and Zhi Li. 2020. "Tourism, Transportation and Low-Carbon City System Coupling Coordination Degree: A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030792