Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Are Associated with Children’s Psychological Health: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Exposure Measures
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Confounders
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. SDQ Sub-Scales
3.3. SDQ Total Difficulties Score
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | 5–10 Years N = 1367 | 11–15 Years N = 1277 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 684 | 50.0 | 653 | 51.1 |
Female | 683 | 50.0 | 624 | 48.9 |
Mother’s highest qualification§ | ||||
Year 10 certificate or diploma | 143 | 11.2 | 195 | 16.3 |
Completed High School (HSC) | 158 | 12.3 | 141 | 11.8 |
Tertiary certificate or diploma | 363 | 28.3 | 383 | 32.1 |
University or other tertiary degree | 619 | 48.3 | 475 | 39.8 |
Body Mass Index | ||||
Overweight or obese | 220 | 24.2 | 213 | 20.8 |
Single parent family | 318 | 23.3 | 356 | 27.9 |
Remoteness | ||||
Major cities | 769 | 56.3 | 702 | 54.9 |
Regional or remote | 598 | 43.7 | 576 | 45.1 |
Food and activity behaviours | ||||
Met fruit recommendation | 971 | 71.7 | 736 | 58.1 |
Met vegetable recommendation | 80 | 5.9 | 60 | 4.8 |
Met discretionary food cut off | 716 | 52.4 | 626 | 49.0 |
Met PA recommendation | 1016 | 74.9 | 849 | 66.9 |
Met screen time recommendation | 840 | 65.6 | 612 | 51.6 |
Emotional and behavioural problems | ||||
Emotional symptoms | 144 | 10.5 | 198 | 15.5 |
Conduct problems | 105 | 7.7 | 85 | 6.7 |
Hyperactivity-inattention | 163 | 11.9 | 124 | 9.7 |
Peer problems | 105 | 7.7 | 167 | 13.1 |
Prosocial behaviour | 28 | 2.1 | 37 | 2.9 |
Any problems β | 333 | 24.3 | 338 | 26.5 |
Behaviour | 5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SE) | Median (IQR) | |
Fruit serves per day | 2.1 (0.04) | 1.9 (1.0–2.6) | 1.9 (0.07) | 1.8 (0.9–2.0) |
Vegetable serves per day | 2.0 (0.05) | 1.8 (0.9–2.9) | 2.2 (0.06) | 1.8 (0.9–2.9) |
Discretionary food serves per day | 0.6 (0.03) | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) |
PA hours per day | 1.9 (0.06) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 1.6 (0.06) | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) |
Screen time hours per day | 1.8 (0.05) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 2.1 (0.06) | 1.8 (1.1–2.5) |
Indicator | Any Problem | Any Problem | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | 5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | |
Fruit serves per day | 0.72 (0.49–1.05) | 0.80 (0.55–1.18) | 0.74 (0.45–1.24) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
Vegetable serves per day | 0.54 (0.23–1.25) | 0.92 (0.41–2.07) | 0.39 (0.13–1.16) | 0.86 (0.31–2.35) |
Discretionary food serves per day | 0.60 (0.42–0.88) * | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.76 (0.47–1.25) | 0.85 (0.51–1.25) |
PA hours per day | 0.84 (0.58–1.23) | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.90 (0.55–1.49) | 0.68 (0.41–1.12) |
Screen time hours per day | 0.40 (0.27–0.59) * | 0.54 (0.36–0.82) * | 0.52 (0.32–0.87) * | 0.48 (0.29–0.79) * |
Indicator | Unadjusted Mean Difference (95%CI) | Adjusted Mean Difference (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | 5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | |
Met fruit recommendations | −1.18 (−2.22, −0.15) * | −0.65 (−1.63,0.34) | −1.26 (−2.42, −0.10) * | 0.00 (−1.06,1.05) |
Met vegetable recommendations | −1.64 (−2.99, −0.30) * | −2.06 (−3.61, −0.51) * | −1.54 (−3.03, −0.05) * | −1.19 (−3.60, −0.39) * |
Met discretionary food limit | −1.25 (−2.21, −0.29) * | −1.31 (−2.29, −0.34) * | −0.96 (−1.97,0.04) | −1.16 (−2.14, −0.18) * |
Met PA recommendations | −0.90 (−1.91,0.12) | −0.86 (−1.86,0.15) | −0.74 (−1.76,0.28) | −0.68 (−1.62,0.26) |
Met screen time recommendations | −2.69 (−3.81, −1.57) * | −2.23 (−3.24, −1.21) * | −1.60 (−2.70, −0.50) * | −2.18 (−1.36, −1.20) * |
Indicator | Mean Total Difficulties Score Difference (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
5–10 Years | 11–15 Years | |
Met fruit recommendations | −0.90 (−2.10, 0.30) | 0.26 (−0.86, 1.38) |
Met vegetable recommendations | −0.90 (−2.47, 0.66) | −1.77 (−3.53, −0.01) * |
Met discretionary food limit | −0.67 (−1.74, 0.39) | −0.95 (−1.97, 0.08) |
Met PA recommendations | −0.30 (−1.34, 0.74) | −0.44 (−1.42, 0.55) |
Met screen time recommendations | −1.56 (−2.68, −0.44) * | −2.12 (−3.11, −1.12) ** |
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Thomas, M.M.; Gugusheff, J.; Baldwin, H.J.; Gale, J.; Boylan, S.; Mihrshahi, S. Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Are Associated with Children’s Psychological Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207509
Thomas MM, Gugusheff J, Baldwin HJ, Gale J, Boylan S, Mihrshahi S. Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Are Associated with Children’s Psychological Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207509
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas, Margaret M., Jessica Gugusheff, Heather J. Baldwin, Joanne Gale, Sinead Boylan, and Seema Mihrshahi. 2020. "Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Are Associated with Children’s Psychological Health: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207509
APA StyleThomas, M. M., Gugusheff, J., Baldwin, H. J., Gale, J., Boylan, S., & Mihrshahi, S. (2020). Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Are Associated with Children’s Psychological Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207509